The Triumph of Industry

1. The Triumphof Industry Chapter 4

2. Technology& Industrial Growth Section 1

3. 1 of 10 Thomas Edison’s bright ideas Peter Loader @ TLT

4. 2 of 10 An important Thursday Thomas Edison was born on Thursday February the 11th, 1847 in the town of Milan, Ohio. When Thomas was seven his teacher finally lost his patience with his constant questions. He noticed that Tom's forehead was unusually wide and his head was bigger than normal. He made no secret of his belief that Tom’s brains were scrambled! Peter Loader @ TLT

5. 3 of 10 What do you do when you get home from school? Peter Loader @ TLT

6. Maybe you turn the lights on and play Eminem! 4 of 10 Edison’s first important invention wasthe phonograph. A machine that couldrecord and reproduce sound. But his greatest success was the development of the electric light. So when you turn on the light and listen to music think of Thomas Edison. Music Peter Loader @ TLT

7. 7 of 10 The first movie star While working on the phonograph, Thomas began working on a device that, "does for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear", this was to become motion pictures. Thomas first demonstrated motion pictures in 1891, and began making "movies" two years later. Peter Loader @ TLT

8. Early Edison Movies Edison loved Hip Hop

9. STEEL Taking an invention and turning it into an industry

10. · Scottish immigrant Andrew Carnegie became the “King of Steel”, producing the majority of America’s steel. Andrew Carnegie

11. Andrew Carnegie This is how he did it.

12. The Steel Industry 1850’s – The Bessemer Process allowed steel to be produced cheaply. · Therefore, the steel industry grew rapidly. Examples: railroads, skyscrapers, nails, pins Bessemer converter At Station Square Henry Bessemer

13. Rolling The billets and slabs are heated and rolled into finished products. Steel Production Raw Materials Example: Iron Ore 1 4 Melting Hot air is pumped into a furnace, melting iron at 1600 degrees Celsius. (2,912 degrees F) Casting The liquid steel is cast into billets and slabs. 2 3 Refining Impurities are removed and alloys are added from the molten metal through the use of a ladle.

14. Andrew Carnegie in his “Great Double Role” This cartoon originally appeared in the July 9, 1892 edition of The Saturday Globe, a pro-union weekly out of Utica, New York. Caption reads: "Forty-Millionaire Carnegie in his Great Double Role. As the tight-fisted employer he reduces wages that he may play philanthropist and give away libraries, etc.”

15. Making Steel Bill Nye the science guy ; )

16. Railroads and Industry

17. Railroad growth Rapid Growth

18. Growth of Railroads - Once the gauge, or width, of tracks was standardized, railroads formed a network, or system of connected lines. Top: Railroads in 1890 Right: Railroads in 1918

19. Effects on Industry: - The railroad industry created thousands of new jobs. Examples: steelworkers, lumberjacks, miners, railroad workers - The railroads opened up the country to settlement and growth. Anti-railroad propaganda

20. Abuses: - Railroad companies offered rebates, or discounts, in order to keep or win customers. - This forced many small railroad companies out of business. - In order to end competition and keep prices high, railroad companies agreed to divide up business in an area and set high prices. This was known as pooling.

21. - Railroad companies began to consolidate, or combine, in order to compete with large companies, such as Cornelius Vanderbilt’s. - Cornelius Vanderbilt was one of the richest men in America, and the most powerful railroad baron. Cornelius Vanderbilt

22. - Large companies bought smaller ones or forced them out of business. Cornelius Vanderbilt and James Fisk are shown in a race for control of New York's rails. Vanderbilt unsuccessfully tried to take over the Erie R.R. by buying out its stock.

23. The Rise of Big Business Section 2

24. Corporations- A new business model • Old school- Family owned business • New school- Corporation • only risk to inventors is what they invested

25. Vertical and Horizontal Integration Vertical-buy every aspect of making a car Horizontal- Buy every company that makes cars

26. Mass Production The development of Mass Production allowed business to produce goods quickly and inexpensively. Mass Production often relied on machinery taking the place of hand tools

27. Old School Production Hand Made

28. New School-Mass Production Assembly Line

29. Mass Production-Lucy Style Sweet

30. Labor Unions Workers fight to end exploitation.

31. The Rise of Labor Unions • 1stwere called trade unions • Began as a way to provide help in bad times • Goals: • shortened workdays • higher wages • better working conditions • End child labor

32. Tools of the Union: Collective Bargaining:negotiations between representatives of labor and management to reach agreement on wages, benefits and conditions Arbitration: allowing outside “referee” to decide issues between sides Strike: refusal to work until demands are met

33. Labor Unrest: 1870-1900

34. Labor Unions . . . . Key Organizations:

35. Knights of Labor: • Opened membership to all workers • Advocated 8 hr. day/ equal pay for equal work • Preferred arbitration to strikes • Under Terence Powderly, expanded membership in 1880’s Terence Powderly

36. Workers Organize Knights of Labor – formed in 1869 as the first labor union in the nation. Goal #3: Equal pay for men and women Goal #1: Shorter work day Goal #2: End child labor

37. American Federation of Labor: • A craft union led by Samuel Gompers • Advocated collective bargaining with threat of strikes • Focused on better pay and benefits • More associated with violence Samuel Gompers

38. AF of L Goals • Catered to the skilled worker. • Represented workers in matters of national legislation. • Maintained a national strike fund. • Evangelized the cause of unionism. • Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. • Mediated disputes between management and labor. • Pushed for closed shops.

39. American Railway Union: • Founded by Eugene V. Debs • Included skilled and unskilled workers • Led way to the foundation of the American Socialist Party • Won successful strike in 1894/ then faded Eugene V. Debs

40. Some Strikes Turned Violent: • Haymarket Square: 1886- confrontation between striking workers and police resulted in several deaths • Homestead Strike: 1892- steel workers against Carnegie fought hired “thugs” • Pullman Strike: 1894- Debs’ workers were attacked by “strike breakers” resulting in President Cleveland sending out troops Sketch of tension leading to violence during the Pullman Strike

41. Haymarket Riot • Demonstration in 1886 for an eight-hour workday—strikes in many cities • At Chicago factory, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs (workers who replace striking workers)—several workers killed • Led to a protest rally in Chicago’s Haymarket Square—bomb thrown at police, several killed • American public begins toassociates unions with violence & radical ideas

42. Homestead Strike: 1892 • Andrew Carnegie’s partner Henry Frick attempted to cut workers’ wages at Carnegie Steel: • Union at plant in Homestead, PA called a strike • Frick used thePinkertons(a private police force known for their ability to break strikes)—led to shootout with strikers • Following a failed assassination attempt of Frick by radical—union called off the strike

43. Homestead Strike Andrew Carnegie and the Homestead Strike — History.com Video

44. The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: PinkertonAgents

45. Pullman Strike: 1894 • Railway workers’ strike that spread nation-wide • Eugene V. Debs called for a boycottof Pullman cars after company refused to bargain with workers • Marked a shift in the federal government’s involvement with labor –employer relations: federal troops were sent in to end the strike

46. A “CompanyTown”: Pullman, IL

47. Pullman Cars A Pullman porter

48. The Pullman Strike of 1894

49. Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor • “scabs” • P. R. campaign • Pinkertons • lockout • blacklisting • yellow-dog contracts • court injunctions • open shop • boycotts • sympathy demonstrations • informational picketing • closed shops • organized strikes • “wildcat” strikes

50. Gains of Unionism: • Limited work hours • Regulated work conditions • Preserved rights to collective bargain • Rise of violence led public to distrust unions and fear threat of communism (Red Scare)