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Chapter 1 Food Choices and Human Health

Chapter 1 Food Choices and Human Health. Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney. Learning Objectives. Discuss how particular lifestyle choices can either positively impact or harm overall health. Define the term nutrient and be able to list the six major nutrients.

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Chapter 1 Food Choices and Human Health

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  1. Chapter 1Food Choices and Human Health Nutrition: Concepts & Controversies, 12e Sizer/Whitney

  2. Learning Objectives • Discuss how particular lifestyle choices can either positively impact or harm overall health. • Define the term nutrient and be able to list the six major nutrients. • Recognize the five characteristics of a healthy diet and give suggestions for using them.

  3. Learning Objectives • Summarize how a particular culture or circumstance can impact a person’s food choices. • Describe and give an example of the major types of research studies. • Discuss why national nutrition survey data are important for the health of the population.

  4. Learning Objectives • List the major steps in behavior change and devise a plan for making successful long-term changes in the diet. • Recognize misleading nutrition claims in advertisements for dietary supplements and in the popular media.

  5. Introduction • Nutrition • Science • Studying nutrition • Why care about nutrition? • What are the nutrients in food? • What constitutes a nutritious diet? • How do we know what we know about nutrition? • How do people go about making changes?

  6. A Lifetime of Nourishment • Chosen foods have a cumulative effect • Good health and poor health • Your body continuously renews itself • Best foods • Support your body’s growth & maintenance • Malnutrition • Deficiencies, imbalances, and excesses

  7. The Diet and Health Connection • Influential lifestyle habits • Tobacco use, alcohol use, nutritional choices • Chronic diseases • Connection with poor diet

  8. Genetics and Individuality • Genetics and nutrition affect diseases to varying degrees • Human genome • DNA

  9. Other Lifestyle Choices • Tobacco & alcohol use • Substance abuse • Physical activity • Sleep • Stress • Environmental factors

  10. Health People 2010: Nutrition Objectives for the Nation • U.S. Department of Health • Nutrition and food-safety objectives • Improvements • Foodborne infections • Some cancers • Declines • Heart disease • Overweight people diagnosed with diabetes

  11. The Human Body and Its Food • Your body uses energy • Comes indirectly from the sun • Six kinds of nutrients • Four are organic • Contain carbon • Three provide energy

  12. Elements in the Six Classes of Nutrients

  13. Meet the Nutrients • Human body & food • Same materials • Different arrangements

  14. Meet the Nutrients • Energy-yielding nutrients • Carbohydrates – 4 cal/g • Fats – 9 cal/g • Proteins – 4 cal/g • Vitamins and minerals • Provide no energy • Some are essential • Scientists calculate needs

  15. Can I Live on Just Supplements? • Elemental diets • Administered to severely ill people • “Real food” is superior to supplements • Nutrient interactions • Phytochemicals • Physical contributions • Psychological contributions

  16. The Abundance of Foods to Choose From • Whole foods • Typical consumption • Fruits • Vegetables • Types of foods • Fast, processed, functional, staple

  17. How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet? • Five characteristics • Adequacy • Balance • Calorie control • Intakes should not exceed need • Moderation • Not abstinence • Variety

  18. Why People Choose Foods • Eating is an intentional act • Factors influencing food-related choices • Traditional and ethnic foods • Convenience • Physical factors • Psychological factors • Social factors • Philosophical factors

  19. The Science of Nutrition • Nutrition • Field of knowledge composed of organized facts • Active, changing, and growing body of knowledge • The scientific approach • Systematic process to answer questions • Scientific challenge • Theories

  20. The Scientific Method

  21. Types of Studies • Case study • Examples • Epidemiological study • Correlation • Intervention study • Blind studies • Laboratory study • Example

  22. Examples of Research Design

  23. Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News? • Training of news media • Sensationalism • Be a trend watcher • Read news with an educated eye • Published in peer-reviewed journal • Description of research methods & subjects • Findings presented in context of previous research

  24. National Nutrition Research • National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) • What people eat • Recording of health status • Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) • What people eat for two days • Comparing foods eaten with recommendations

  25. A Guide for Behavior Change • Behavior change takes substantial effort • Six stages of change • Assessment and goals • Realistic goals • Obstacles to change • Competence • Confidence • Motivation

  26. Stages of Behavior Change

  27. Adequate Nutrients Without Excessive Calories • Evaluate nutrient density • Vegetables have high nutrient density • Time for food preparation • Options to save time • Foods to avoid • Combining foods into meals

  28. A Way to Judge Which Foods Are Most Nutritious

  29. Sorting the Imposters from the Real Nutrition Experts Controversy 1

  30. Information Sources & Costs of Wrong Choices • Quackery • Sources of nutrition information • Television and magazines • Nutrition-related products and services • Billions in customer dollars • Identifying quackery

  31. Earmarks of Nutrition Quackery

  32. Identifying Valid Nutrition Information • Characteristics of scientific research • Properly designed scientific experiments • Inadequacy of anecdotal evidence • Animal findings applied to humans • Careful with generalizations • Report of findings in scientific journals

  33. Credible Source of Nutrition Information • American Dietetic Association • www.eatright.org • National Council Against Health Fraud • www.ncahf.org • American Council on Science and health • www.acsh.org

  34. Nutrition on the Net • Judging website credibility • Who is responsible for the site? • Do the names and credentials of information providers appear? • Are links with other reliable information sites provided? • Is the site updated regularly? • Is the site selling a product or service? • Does the site charge a fee to gain access?

  35. True Nutrition Experts • American Dietetic Association (ADA) • Registered dietitian (RD) • Certified diabetes educator • Public health nutritionist • Dietetic technician • Dietetic technician registered

  36. True Nutrition Experts • Credentials • Accredited institution • Licensing

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