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Cleopatra VII Philopator , 69-30 BCE

Cleopatra VII Philopator , 69-30 BCE. Cleopatra on stage: W. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (c. 1607). Cleopatra on film: 1917, 1934, 1963, 1970, 1999 (+ 1899, 1912, 1913, 1928). Cleopatra in sculpture and painting (275 post-classical objects in ArtStor ). Sources for Cleopatra.

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Cleopatra VII Philopator , 69-30 BCE

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  1. Cleopatra VII Philopator, 69-30 BCE

  2. Cleopatra on stage: W. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra (c. 1607) Cleopatra on film: 1917, 1934, 1963, 1970, 1999(+ 1899, 1912, 1913, 1928)

  3. Cleopatra in sculpture and painting(275 post-classical objects in ArtStor)

  4. Sources for Cleopatra • Augustan age poets • Vergil Aeneid 8.677-730 • Horace Odes 1.37; Epodes 9.11-17 • Elegy 3.11.29-32; 39-41; 47-49 • Plutarch: 2nd c. Greek biographer • Life of Julius Caesar • Life of Mark Antony • Dio Cassius: 2nd-3rd c. Greek historian • Roman History

  5. The men in Cleopatra’s life Ptolemy XII Auletes Julius Caesar Mark Antony Octavian (= Augustus) 117-51 BCE 100-44 BCE 83-30 BCE 63 BCE – 14 CE

  6. Also: Cleopatra of Egypt: From History to Myth (London, National Gallery, 2001; Chicago, Field Museum, 2002)

  7. Alexander III of Macedon336/5-323/2 DYNASTIC ORIGINS Ptolemy I Soter323/2-283/2

  8. Cleopatra VII, Macedonian ruler of Egypt, 11th generation after Ptolemy I Soter

  9. Cleopatra VII Philopator: 69-40 BCE 69: born to Ptolemy XII Auletes (b. 117 BCE) and Cleopatra V Tryphaena 51: succeeds with her brother Ptolemy XIII • 49: supplies Pompey with ships, men, grain against Caesar in the civil war (49-48) • 48: Caesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalus; Pompey killed in Egypt; Cleopatra expelled from Egypt by Ptolemy XIII mid-year; raises an army in Arabia and Palestine 48: Ptolemy XIII drowns; Cleopatra restored by Caesar with Ptolemy XIV as co-ruler 47: gives birth to Ptolemy Caesar “Caesarion”; Caesar abandons annexation of Egypt 46: visits Rome with Caesarion and stays at Caesar’s Transtiberim villa Caesar erects golden statue of Cleopatra-as-Isis in Temple of Venus Genetrix (1st time a statue of a living figure was placed in a temple next to a goddess in Rome) 44: assassination of Caesar; death of Ptolemy XIV (at Cleopatra’s instigation?) associated as senior ruler with her son Ptolemy XV TheosPhilopatorPhilometor 43: sides with Antony and Octavian against Cassius and Brutus 41: meets Mark Antony in Tarsus, Cilicia, to face charges she aided Cassius, but probably for Antony to secure support for Parthian campaign; arrives as Venus in purple and gold 41: has rebel sister Arsinoe IV executed on steps of Temple of Artemis at Ephesus 40: gives birth to Alexander Helios and Cleopatra Selene, Antony’s children 40: Antony marries Octavia, Octavian’s sister, who bears two daughters

  10. Cleopatra VII Philopator: 40-31 BCE 37: presents Antony with his children and marries him 36: Antony, with Cleopatra’s fleet, defeated by Parthians (10,000 men lost) 36: Antony joins Cleopatra in Alexandria, avoiding Octavia 36: gives birth to Ptolemy Philadelphus 34: Alexandrian Donations: “Queen of Kings” • Cleopatra and Caesarion: Egypt, Cyprus • Alexander Helios: Armenia, Media, Parthia • Cleopatra Selene: Cyrenaica, Libya • Ptolemy Philadelphus: Syria, Phoenicia, Cilicia 33: Antony, Cleopatra go to Ephesus to build fleet of 500 ships and 100,000 soldiers 32: Antony divorces Octavia 31: Senate outlaws Antony and declares war on Antony and Cleopatra 31: Battle of Actium: Antony and Cleopatra flee to Egypt 30: Antony and Cleopatra die by suicide

  11. Roman Forum,Temple of Venus Genetrix in the Forum Iulium

  12. Octavian Antony  Syria, Lycia,Phoenicia Armenia Media and Parthia  Cyprus, Egypt Libya, Cyrenaica

  13. Images of Cleopatra Basalt statuette Berlin bust with diadem Cameo as Pharoah Vatican bust with diadem as Pharoah possibly based on statue, Temple of Venus Genetrix

  14. Cleopatra: trend-setter of high and low fashion

  15. Fulvia, wife, 46-40 BCE Octavian’s verse about Fulvia in the Perusine War, 41-40 BCE: “Because Antony fucks Glaphyra, Fulvia has arrangedthis punishment for me: that I fuck her too. That I fuck Fulvia? What if Manius begged me to bugger him? Would I? I don't think so, if I were sane 'Either fuck or let's fight,' she says. Doesn't she knowmy prick is dearer to me than life itself? Let the trumpets blare!”(Martial Epigrams 11.20) Antony’s Roman wives Octavia, wife, 40-36 BCE 39: bears AntoniaMaior 36: bears Antonia Minor 32: divorced from Antony 30: raises Antony’s children • Iullus Antonius (Fulvia) • Alexander Helios • Cleopatra Selene • PtolemyPhiladelphus

  16. Roman Egyptomania Pyramid of Cestius, 18-12 BCE Circus Maximus with obelisk on spina10 BCE

  17. Obelisk from the Circus MaximusTransported to Rome by Augustus 10 BCE(now in the Piazza del Popolo on the Via Flaminia)

  18. “I added Egypt to the empire of the Roman people” (Augustus, Res Gestae 27.1) – 23 BCEObelisk of the gnomon of the horologium(now in the Piazza diMontecitorio) Imp(erator) Caesar divi f(ilius) Augustus pontifexmaximus imp(erator) XII, co(n)s(ul) XI, trib(unicia) pot(estate) XIV Aegypto in potestatem populi Romani redacta Soli donumdedit “Emperor Caesar Augustus son of the divine, chief priest, hailed imperator 12 times, consul 11 times, holding tribunician power for the 14th time once Egypt had been reduced to the power of the Roman people gave this as a gift to the Sun.”

  19. Contemporary Egyptomania

  20. Questions • Why did Caesar place Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne and what was their relationship? • What did she represent to Rome by 41 BCE before meeting Mark Antony? • What kind of character of Cleopatra emerges from the Roman sources in the handout? • Why do we remain interested in Cleopatra today?

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