Internet Applications [History]

1. Internet Applications[History] Diane Kelly

2. Early Visionaries • Vannevar Bush (1945). As we may think. The Atlantic Monthly 176(1), 101-108. • Memex a system on which books, pictures, periodicals, newspapers, longhand notes, photographs, and other information would be provided to anyone who had access to a machine. • Gordon Bell’s MyLifeBits – Is this a scary proposition?

3. Early Visionaries • Joseph C.R. Licklider (1960). Man-computer symbiosis. IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, HFE-1, 4-11. • Proposed the idea of interactive computing • Envisioned that the relationship between humans and computers would evolve into cooperative decision making and problem solving in real time • Envisioned linking many computers at distant locations together

4. Early Visionaries • Licklider & Wesley Clark (1962). On-line man-computer communication. Proceedings of the AFIPS SJCC, 21, 113-128. • Proposed a “galactic network” where computers and information would be linked and accessible to everyone.

5. Creation of ARPA • Science and National Defense created the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in 1957 in response to the Soviet’s launch of Sputnik • One major project was to understand more about networks and how they could be used • There were lots of mainframe computers and dumb terminals, but no way of communicating between mainframes

6. Creating the Inter-network • Problem: Incompatible networks • ARPA-funded sites had: • Different mainframe computers from • different companies, using • different operating systems and • different languages

7. Creating the Inter-network • Wesley Clark’s IMPs (Interface Message Processors) (1967) offered a solution • Kleinrock’s packet-switching theory (1961) • Bolt, Beranek, and Newman Corp (BBN) awarded contract to built network (1968) • Other participants: UCLA, UCSB, Stanford, University of Utah

8. Creating the Inter-network • 1968: Graduate students meet to discuss technological aspects of the network and created the first Request for Comment (RFC) • The RFC became firmly established as a means of communicating information and seeking feedback about networking issues. http://www.rfc-editor.org/ • RFCs helped define the spirit of community and openness associated with the modern day Internet.

9. Creating the Inter-network • 1969: UCLA IMP was delivered and two machines began to talking to one another. • One month later: Stanford’s IMP was finished and communication was established between two machines at these locations • And so begins ARPANet …

10. Creating the Inter-network • 1972: ARPANet debuts at the International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) • ARPANET had expanded to 15 nodes • Within three years, different types of networks using packet-switching technology emerged: • ALOHAnet at the U. of Hawaii used radio connections • SATnet used satellite connections • However …

11. Creating the Inter-network • As all of these different networks were being developed, there was no way for them to communicate with one another (sound familiar?!) • In 1973, it was proposed that the “network of networks” needed an open architecture that would allow various different, incompatible networks to communicate

12. Creating the Inter-network • “Gateways” or routers were proposed to interconnect the networks that would employ a common language or protocol • Protocol (general) : a set of rules or procedures for accomplishing a given task • Protocol (network) : a collection of rules for formatting, ordering, and error-checking data sent across a network

13. Creating the Inter-network • This protocol is known as the transmission control protocol / internet protocol suite (Cerf and Kahn) • TCP/IP dictates that packet-switching occurs at routers • Most Internet applications use TCP/IP • Each application has its own protocol in addition to TCP/IP, such as SMTP for email, FTP for file transfer and HTTP for web • These are called application layer protocols

14. Creating the Inter-network • About 10 years later (1984), the computer architecture for the Internet was in place • Leading networks: • Original ARPANet group + new members (1969) • MERIT (1969) • THEORYNET (1977) • USENET (1979) – Duke and UNC! • CSNET (1981) • BITNET (1981) • MILNET (1983)

15. Creating the Inter-network • NSF launches the NSFNET backbone (1986-1995), a high-speed (56Kbps!) network connection between six supercomputer centers running across the US • Backbone built by MCI, IBM and MERIT • Supercomputer centers were at Princeton, Cornell, CMU, University of Illinois, University of Colorado, and the University of California, San Diego.

16. Creating the Inter-network • In less than nine years (1995), the NSFNET backbone grew from 6 nodes at 56 Kbps to 21 nodes at 45 Mbps, connecting 50,000 networks on all seven continents • In 1969 there were four Internet hosts • In 1999 there were 56,218,000 Internet hosts • A nice figure published by the Internet Systems Consortium http://www.isc.org/index.pl?/ops/ds/

17. Networks everywhere! • We’ve got LANs, WANs, internets and the Internet … oh, and the intranet … • LAN – SILS • WAN – UNC (a network of networks, or internet) • Internet – one specific worldwide collection of inter-networks whose owners have voluntarily agreed to share resources and network connections with one another

18. Who’s in Charge? • No one organization, but there are some important groups : • Internet Society (ISOC) • Internet Architecture Board (IAB) • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) • Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) • World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)