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2nd Great Awakening

2nd Great Awakening. Religious Reform Methodists - religion is of the heart not the mind, not based on memorizing bible verses Revivals Gatherings to spread religion To be “born again” Charles Finney – popular preacher. Religious Groups.

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2nd Great Awakening

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  1. 2nd Great Awakening • Religious Reform • Methodists - religion is of the heart not the mind, not based on memorizing bible verses • Revivals • Gatherings to spread religion • To be “born again” • Charles Finney – popular preacher

  2. Religious Groups • Unitarians - Jesus was less than divine. Against revivals. Focus on character building, not emotional conversion. • Mormons - Founded by Joseph Smith. New revelation of Christianity, very controversial.

  3. More Groups • African-American Church • Christian message spoke of freedom • Political, Cultural, and Social center of community • Transcendentalists • Emphasized living a simple life • Emerson and Thoreau • Walden • Shakers • Utopian community, men and women were equal, shared their belongings, did not marry/have children

  4. Utopian Communities • People form communities to escape problems of society. • Brook Farm is an example.

  5. Other Reform Movements • Temperance Movement = Anti-Alcohol • Consumption of alcohol had increased • Men spend money on drinking instead of their family • Burden is placed on women and children • American Temperance Society

  6. Public - School Reform • How do public schools operate today? • Horace Mann (Mass.) - grade the schools, state pays for schools, standardized textbooks, compelling (forced) attendance, longer school year • Very structured, fosters competition between students. Perfect for an industrializing society. • Think about your GPA.

  7. Prison Reform • Dorothea Dix • Jails housed the mentally ill. • She built hospitals for those who had mental health problems.

  8. Penitentiary System • What does it mean? • Penance – open up to God, repent • Sky light – God can watch you at all times • Individual exercise yard for each cell • Solitary confinement • No contact with other prisoners • Caused mental illness

  9. What does the attempt to improve prisons say about America? Is there any connection with the 2nd Great Awakening?

  10. The Life of a Slave • Two types • Rural and Urban • Rural • Plantations, worked all day, controlled by a slave driver • Urban • Worked as a skilled laborer, more freedom compared to rural slaves

  11. Plantation Life • Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin • Machine that cleaned cotton. • Increased cotton production. • Easier to pick out the seeds

  12. Anti-Slavery Movement • Abolition – the call to outlaw slavery

  13. Abolitionists • William Lloyd Garrison • The Liberator – His own paper, wanted immediate emancipation • David Walker • Wanted blacks to fight for freedom • Frederick Douglass • An escaped slave • Taught to read • Abolition leader

  14. In the very first issue of his anti-slavery newspaper, the Liberator, William Lloyd Garrison stated, "I do not wish to think, or speak, or write, with moderation. . . . I am in earnest -- I will not equivocate -- I will not excuse -- I will not retreat a single inch -- AND I WILL BE HEARD."

  15. Frederick Douglass • “I appear before the immense assembly this evening as a thief and a robber, I stole this head, these limbs, this body from my master, and ran off with them.”

  16. The Life of a Slave • Two types • Rural and Urban • Rural • Plantations, worked all day, controlled by a slave driver • Urban • Worked as a skilled laborer, more freedom compared to rural slaves

  17. Nat Turner’s Rebellion • Religious motives • Led 80 followers • Killed almost 60 whites on plantations • Captured and put to death • Does this cause fear?

  18. Slave Owners Defend Slavery • Virginia debates emancipation • Efforts fail • Backlash from revolts • New harsh laws put in place on enslaved and free blacks • Proslavery defenses • Brings them into a Christian civilization • Myth of a “happy slave”

  19. Role of Women • Cult of domesticity • Housework and child care were the only proper activities for married women • Could not vote or be on a jury • When married her property and money would be her husband’s • Most lacked guardianship rights to their children

  20. Compare and contrast the lives of women today with women in the 1830s.

  21. Reform • Sarah and Angelina Grimké • Fought for women’s rights • Also abolitionists • Faced opposition because they were women • Temperance movement • Helped jump start women’s rights

  22. Reform • Women’s Education • Education usually stopped at elementary school • Began to open new schools for higher education • They were mocked “they will be educating cows next”

  23. How would a lack of education hurt women?

  24. Seneca Falls Convention • 300 men and women attended • Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments • Women should be able to participate in all public issues

  25. Changing Industry • Cottage industry • Manufacturers sell raw goods • People buy the goods and make a product • They sell the product back to the manufacturer • The cycle then continues • Artisans – skilled workers, assisted by a journeyman or an apprentice

  26. Plantation Life • Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin • Machine that cleaned cotton. • Increased cotton production. • Easier to pick out the seeds

  27. How would the cotton gin impact slaves and northern industry?

  28. Early Factories • Textile plants • Bring all aspects of production under one roof • Drops cost and speeds up production • Begins in Lowell, Massachusetts • Watch a clip from Mill Times

  29. Lowell Mill • Female workers • Paid less than men • Housed in dormitories • Conditions • Long work day • 5 am to 7:30 pm • Only a lunch break • Hot, poor ventilation

  30. Lowell Mill • Strikes over conditions and pay • 15% pay cut • 800 women strike, it was unsuccessful • Local press and clergy criticize the women • Two years later they strike again • Company fired the leaders, most returned to work

  31. Workers Seek Better Conditions • The first labor unions • Immigration • Immigrants work for low wages in bad conditions • Leads to workers being taken advantage of • German, Irish (potato famine) • National Trades’ Union • Standardize wages and conditions • Met opposition from owners and bankers

  32. Court Backs Strikers • Commonwealth v. Hunt • Court declares the journeymen boot makers could strike to support their interests

  33. Assignment – Six Panel Cartoon • Draw a cartoon strip about the daily lives of women working at Lowell Mill. • Include the following. • Events of their day (from waking up, going to work, lunch breaks, going home, going to sleep) • Describe their long hours. • Depict a strike – in this scene you need to have them explain what they dislike about their jobs

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