Learning Objectives

1. Learning Objectives • Identify rationale for specialized supervision • Define goals of curriculum • Summarize knowledge regarding sex offenders and their victims • Identify emerging approaches to supervision CSOM Long Version: Section 1

2. Goals of this Curriculum • Identify challenges of community supervision • Learn from other jurisdictions • Recommend safe and effective approaches CSOM Long Version: Section 1

3. Training Segments • Section 1: Overview • Section 2: Innovations in Supervision • Section 3: Components of Supervision CSOM Long Version: Section 1

4. Who are Victims? • Three Studies that Document Sexual Victimization in the United States 1.) Kilpatrick, Edmunds, & Seymour, (1992). Rape in America: A Report to the Nation 2.) Tjaden & Thoennes, (1998). Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women 3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents 3.) Saunders, (2000). National Survey of Adolescents CSOM Long Version: Section 1

5. Findings • Rape in America • 78 rapes per hour of women 18 and older. CSOM Long Version: Section 1

6. Findings (cont.) • NVAW Survey • Using a definition of rape that includes forced vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse, 18% of U.S. women surveyed said they experienced a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime. • 3% of U.S. men surveyed said they experienced a completed or attempted rape in their lifetime. • 1 of 6 U.S. women and 1 of 33 U.S. men have experienced an attempted or completed rape as a child and/or adult. • In last 12 months: approximately 876,100 rapes perpetrated against U.S. women. CSOM Long Version: Section 1

7. Findings (cont.) • Rape in America • 62% of victims under 18 years of age @ first assault. • NVAW Survey • 22% of victims under age 12 @ first assault. • 32% of victims between 12 and 17 years of age @ first assault. CSOM Long Version: Section 1

8. Findings (cont.) • National Survey of Adolescents • N = 4,023 adolescents in U.S. households (age 12-17) • 8.1% reported experiencing at least one sexual assault in their lifetime • 1.8 million adolescents have been sexually assaulted in their lifetime (based on 1995 U.S. Census data) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

9. Relationship Between Victim and Offender (Rape in America) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

10. Relationship Between Victim and Offender (NVAW Survey) Known Known CSOM Long Version: Section 1

11. Relationship Between Victim and Offender(National Survey of Adolescents) • Nearly 3 in 4 (74%) -- perpetrators were someone the victim knew well • Almost 1 in 3 (32.5%) -- perpetrators were friends with the victim • More than 1 in 5 (23.2%) -- perpetrators were strangers to the victim • About 1 in 5 (21.1%) -- perpetrators were family members of the victim CSOM Long Version: Section 1

12. Location of Sexual Abuse(National Survey of Adolescents) • 30.5% in the victim’s home • 23.8% in the victim’s neighborhood • 15.4% at the victim’s school CSOM Long Version: Section 1

13. Reporting of Sexual Abuse (National Survey of Adolescents) • 86% NOT reported to the authorities • 13% reported to police • 5.8% reported to child protective services • 5% reported to school authorities • 1.3% reported to other authorities • *Some cases were reported to more than one authority. CSOM Long Version: Section 1

14. Prostitution Psychiatric problems Homelessness HIV (Rape in America, 1992) Eating disorders Suicide Substance Abuse Self-Esteem Problems Teen pregnancy Consequences of Sexual Assault for Victims CSOM Long Version: Section 1

15. Sexual Assault and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(National Survey of Adolescents) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

16. Initial Mental Health Effects of Child Sexual Abuse • Fear • Anxiety • Low self-esteem • Depression • Anger and hostility • Sexual behavior problems • Aggressive/ delinquent behavior • From Saunders, (1999). • Substance use/ abuse/dependency • Impaired social functioning • Distorted cognitive schemata • Impaired affective processing CSOM Long Version: Section 1

17. Long-Term Mental Health Effects of Child Sexual Abuse • Sexual disorders • PTSD • Depression • Suicidal ideation and attempts • Anxiety disorders • Substance use/ abuse/dependency • Somatic complaints • From Saunders, (1999). • Personality disorders • Dissociative disorders • Low self-esteem • Impaired social relationships • Increased vulnerability to other victimizations and traumatic experiences CSOM Long Version: Section 1

18. Range of Victim Responses • Fear • Anger • Guilt • Shame • Ambivalence • Boundary Issues CSOM Long Version: Section 1

19. Victims’ Major Needs:Research Findings • Information • Being believed • Not being blamed CSOM Long Version: Section 1

20. Victims’ Major Needs:Practical Applications • Safety and security • Ventilation and validation • Prediction and Preparation • Information and Education CSOM Long Version: Section 1

21. Collaborative Approaches • Victim advisory councils • Focus groups of victims/service providers • Training and cross-training • Consistent information and referral • Changing program evaluation and performance measures to reflect victim concerns • Victim/offender programming (with extreme caution!) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

22. What is a Sex Offense? • Any sexual behavior with a child or with a non-consenting adult • Penetration, contact, or non-contact behaviors • Some pornography-related activities CSOM Long Version: Section 1

23. Overview of Sex Offenders • All socioeconomic, racial, ethnic groups • Majority don’t present as “typical” criminal CSOM Long Version: Section 1

24. Offense Cycle • Sex offenses are planned • Culmination of a series of events • Offending behaviors are rationalized CSOM Long Version: Section 1

25. Typology of Sex Offenders • Child Molesters • Fixated/Pedophile • Regressed/Situational • Rapists • Anger • Power • Sadistic • Non-contact offenders: Not included (e.g., voyeurs and exhibitionists) (Groth, 1979) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

26. Statistics on “Cross-over” • In one recent study, among sex offenders in this group: • 25.7% assaulted both genders, and • 50.0% crossed over juvenile/adult. (English, 1998) CSOM Long Version: Section 1

27. Challenges to Sex Offender Supervision • Victims assaulted in familiar places by individual they know • Offenders being supervised in same community where victim lives • Offense patterns characterized by secrecy, deceit, repetitiveness, and extreme trauma to victims • Cross-over offense patterns • Fragmented response and service systems CSOM Long Version: Section 1

28. Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices • Shared, consistent philosophy, and strategy • Primary concern for victim safety and recovery • Prevention of future victimization • Sex offenders held accountable for their actions CSOM Long Version: Section 1

29. Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices (cont.) • Some offenders can be managed safely and some cannot. • A collaborative effort involving: • Supervision and treatment providers, • Victim advocates and polygraph examiners, • All agencies with responsibility for sex offender management. CSOM Long Version: Section 1

30. Collaboration... • Improves communication • Allows for quicker, less intrusive responses to victims • Promotes the exchange of ideas among disciplines • Facilitates sharing of information • Improves problem solving • Provides on-going support • Increases understanding • Fosters a unified and comprehensive approach CSOM Long Version: Section 1

31. Emerging Sex Offender Supervision Practices (cont.) • Traditional methods may not apply • Informed and consistent public policy • Includes evaluation and monitoring CSOM Long Version: Section 1