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Pork Production in the United States

Explore the changing landscape of pork production in the United States, including the shift towards vertical integration, specialization, and fewer but larger farms. Discover where hogs are raised, the impact of geographic shifts, and the importance of breeding and reproductive management.

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Pork Production in the United States

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  1. Pork Production in the United States Joel Brendemuhl Tim Marshall University of Florida

  2. U.S. swine industry is changing fast Who raises hogs? How hogs are raised? Where hogs are raised?

  3. Vertical Integrationof the Swine Industry • One company controls, through ownership or contract relationships, from the farm to the fork

  4. Trends Changing the U.S. Swine Industry 1. Improved herd performance - Producer efficiency - 2. Fewer & bigger hog farms 3. Specialization 4. Fewer & bigger packing plants 5. Geographic shift in production 6. Integration of production and packing 7. Contracting 8. Globalization

  5. Trends in the Industry • Producer Efficiency • Pigs/litter • Litters per breeding animal • Market pigs per breeding animal • Pork production per breeding animal • Slaughter weights

  6. Estimated Daily Slaughter Capacity, U.S. – June, 2000 PorkFacts, 2000-2001

  7. Fewer & Bigger Hog Farms

  8. Total Hog Farms, 1000 farms United States USDA/NASS, 2001

  9. Average Inventory Per U.S. Hog Farm R. Plain - Univ. of Missouri

  10. Percent of Inventory by Size of OperationUnited States USDA-NASS, 12-28-00

  11. Percent of Operations and Inventory United States USDA-NASS, 12-28-00

  12. 10 Largest U.S. Hog Farms Smithfield Foods 675,000 sows Conti Group 201,000 sows Seaboard Farms 175,000 sows Prestage Farms 122,000 sows Tyson Foods 110,000 sows Cargill 109,000 sows Iowa Select 96,000 sows Christensen Farms 74,000 sows Purina Mills 70,000 sows Goldsboro Hog Farm 70,000 sows Source: Successful Farming

  13. Specialization Allowed producers to become more efficient and lower costs of operation.

  14. Early Production1950’s

  15. Today’s Confinement Building

  16. Farrowing Barn

  17. Farrowing Crate

  18. Nursery

  19. Growing - Finish

  20. Most operations are an All-in / All-out type of production

  21. A “Pot”200 Slaughter Pigs

  22. Conventional farrow to finish Breeding-gestation Farrowing (3 to 4 wk) Site 1 Nursery (to 50 #) Finishing (to 260 #)

  23. Segregated Early Weaning 3 Site Breeding-gestation Site 1 Farrowing (2 to 3 wk) Nursery (to 50 #) Site 2 Site 3 Finishing (to 260 #)

  24. Modern Swine Production Intensive management • Breeding programs - hybrids • Feeding programs • Environmentally controlled buildings • Disease control/sanitation is critical • “all in, all out” production systems • “shower in, shower out” • Multiple-site systems

  25. Where are pigs produced in the United States?

  26. Corn Production 1 3 2 Primary energy source = CORN

  27. Soybean Production 2 1 Primary protein source = soybean meal

  28. 1 Traditional Swine Producing Areas

  29. Geographic Shift

  30. Geographic Shift in Hog Production Sows are leaving the corn states Hogs went to N.C. because N.C. developed a better system Hogs are moving west to get away from rain and people

  31. Percent of U.S. Swine Breeding Herd State 1980 2000 Change N.C. 3.73 15.95 +12.22 Okla. 0.54 5.42 +4.88 Colo. 0.44 3.03 +2.59 Utah 0.08 1.27 +1.19 Ky 2.01 0.80 -1.21 Wis 2.95 1.20 -1.75 Ill 9.77 7.18 -2.59 Ga 3.84 0.88 -2.96 Iowa 22.98 17.86 -5.12

  32. Where are the Pigs?

  33. Contracting • Farrowing • Nursery • Finishing

  34. Swine Breeds & Breeding Mgmt

  35. Categorizing Swine Breeds • Colored: • Paternal -- muscle, growth traits, leanness • White: • Maternal -- milk, litter size, mothering ability

  36. Paternal breed Red Droopy ears Duroc

  37. Paternal breed Black w/ white belt Erect ears Hampshire

  38. Maternal breed White Erect ears Yorkshire

  39. Maternal breed White Large droopy ears Landrace

  40. Reproductive Mgmt of Swine

  41. Accessory Sex Glands Epididymis Testes Scrotum Vas Deferens Penis Boar Reproductive Tract High semen volume: 150-250 ml Low concentration: 200-300 million/ml If use AI, may breed 10-20 sows/ejaculate

  42. Sow Reproductive Tract Rectum Ovary Vagina Oviduct Uterus Cervix Mammary

  43. Sow Reproductive Information

  44. Reproductive Management • Estrus Detection - expose the sow/gilt to boar • vocalization, “flirt” with the ears • respond to pressure on the rump (won’t move) • greatly swollen vulva

  45. Reproductive Management Mating systems • Pen mating • natural, but controlled matings based on estrus • Artificial Insemination (AI) •  usage by large integrators (nearly 100%) • use “fresh” semen, collected from boars on site • frozen semen yields smaller litters than fresh

  46. Farrowing • Process of the sow/gilt giving birth. • Farrowing stalls (crates) • protect baby pigs from being “crushed” • provides for “dual heat” • drip coolers for the sow • heat pads/lamps for baby pigs (85-95o F)

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