HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY

1. HUBERT KAIRUKI MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE AND ETHICS (ETM 400) TOPIC: ETHICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS FACILITATOR: DR. WALLES DATE: 05TH APRIL 2017

2. PRESENTERS: AIMAN MAHFOUDH HAJI AMINA MRISHO AMOS MAO NEEMA E. KUNYARANYARA NESTORY MAYUNGA

3. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES DEFINITION OF TERMS MAIN PRESENTATION SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES

4. A)INTRODUCTION All medical institutions( i.e hospitals , clinics, medical laboratories) work for the advancement of health care worldwide. Their central intention is to alleviate human sufferings but also to control over life and death which may be in practitioners’ hands. They operate under special ethics which at all times are to be observed. Example, respecting the patients’ privacy.

5. B)OBJECTIVES • To understand different medical institutions. • To be able to know the codes of medical ethics. • To understand the importance of the codes of medical ethics in medical institutions.

6. C)DEFINITION OF TERMS ETHICS-Is the study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS- Is an institution created for the practice of medicine. ETHICAL RELATIONS- is a basic and trustworthy relationship that one has to another human being, that cannot necessarily be characterized in terms of any abstraction other than trust and common protection of each others body.

7. D) MAIN PRESENTATION i) MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS MEDICAL UNIVERSITIES In medical universities, there are number of faculties such as Faculty of medicine, Faculty of Nursing eg:HubertKairuki Memorial University, Kampala International University etc.

8. 2. TEACHING HOSPITLS AND GENERAL HOSPITALS The medical school-teaching hospital power relationship is often in one in which the teaching hospital is the sole purchaser in carrying out such hospital responsibilities as residency education and supervision, care of indigent patients and other hospital services that are of value or of value to the hospital, either as a profit center or a necessary service operated at a loss.

9. 3. MEDICAL LABS AND RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS The National Health Research ethics Committee (NatHREC) of the Medical Research Coordinating Committee (MRCC) of the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) mission is to ensure and guarantees th rights, dignity, safety and protection of all individuals nd communities who participate in research activities. The committee is also committed to ensuring scientific merits of the research and protecting the rights of the researchers as well.

10. 4. URGENT CARE CLINICS The emergency medical services (EMS) has a duty to respond regardless of the patient’s income or social position. Care must not be limited unfairly to any specific group or class of people. EMS often sets priorities of care or classify certain calls and non-emergencies.

11. ii) ETHICAL GUIDELINES • Training Skills: • Bedside manners (history taking skills) • Culture competencies • Diagnostics • Education • Universal precautions • b) Proffessions: • Medicine • Nursing • Healthcare science • Dentistry • Allied health professionals • Pharmacies • Health information systems

12. c) Settings: • Assisted living • End-of-life • Overutilization • Palliative care • Primary care • Total care

13. KAIRUKI HOSPITAL and HKMU, DAR ES SALAAM

14. MUHIMBILI NATIONAL HOSPITAL, DAR ES SALAAM

15. CODES OF ETHICS Code is a living document updated periodically to address the changing conditions of medicine. New edition adopted in June 2016,the ethics are as follows: 1.Opinions on Patient-Physician Relationship. Building relationships of trust with patients is fundamental to ethical practice in medicine.

16. 2.Opinions on Consent,Communication and Decision Making. To enable patients to participate meaningfully in decision about health care,physicians have a responsibility to provide information and help patients understand their medical condition and options for treatment. 3.Opinions on Privacy,Confidentiality and Medical Records Respecting patients’ privacy and confidentiality is a core ethical obligation in medicine. 4.Opinions on Genetics and Reproductive Medicine Ongoing progress in genetic technologies opens new prospects for understanding and treating disease,while advances in reproductive technologies offer opportunities to create families in novel ways-posing challenges for patients,families,physicians and society.

17. 5.Opinions on Caring for Patients at the end of life As patients near the end of life , Physicians play important roles in helping them make difficult decisions and in providing compassionate care that is respectful of patients’ values, goals and preferences. 6.Opinions on organ procurement and transplantation Transplantation of organs and tissues can offer hope to gravely ill patients but it not only possess challenges protecting both donors and transplant recipients , it also brings into question how best to ensure the prudent use of scarce resources

18. 7.Opinions on research and innovation Physicians who are involved in clinical research have special responsibilities safety and welfare of research participants that include matters of study design , informed consent and selection of participants. 8.Opinions on physician and the health of the community Although physicians primary ethical obligation is to individual patients , they also have a responsibility to protect and promote public health

19. 9.Opinions on professional self –regulation Society permits medicine to set standards of ethical and professional conduct for physicians.Inturn,medicine is expected to hold physicians accountable for meeting those standards and to address lapses in professional conduct when they occur.

20. 10.Opinions on Interprofessional Relationships Physicians are expected to uphold professional standards of conduct not only in their relationships with patients , but also in their relationships with other health care professionals. 11.Opinions on financing and delivery of health care In today’s health care ,patient-physician relationships are influenced by changing payment systems and models for delivering care and thus physicians must find new ways to balance responsibilities to multiple stakeholders.

21. E) SUMMARY Physicians share their commitment to care for ill persons with a broad team of health professionals. The team’s ability to care effectively for the patient depends on the ability of the individuals on the team to treat each other with integrity, honesty, and respect in daily professionals interactions regardless of race, religion, ethnicity, nationality, sex, age, etc.

22. However, a variety of barriers to interdisciplinary relationships exist, both in theory and practice that inhibit collaborative relationships in health care delivery. Some of them are: professional divisions, authority and division of labor, different value systems, cultural barriers, language, and training level.

23. F)CONCLUSIONS Ethics committees and consultants contribute to achieving patient care and public health goals by facilitating resolution of conflicts in a respectful atmosphere through a fair and inclusive decision making process, helping institutions to shape policies and practices that conform with the highest ethical standards, and assisting individual persons with handling current and future ethical problems by providing education in ethics.

24. G)RECOMMENDATIONS Establishing good ethical standards is important in health care organizations, and therefore these organizations and facilities must comply with the standards set in the treatment of patients. Health care executives are responsible for developing and maintaining these standards, and should therefore be well versed in decision making, patient care, research and team work; all in an ethical attempt to deliver the best care to patients.

25. H)REFERENCES • -Wikipedia • Freedictionary.com • The English Dictionary