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Understanding Blood Components and Functions

Explore the components of blood, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Learn about blood disorders and the importance of blood types and RH factor in transfusions.

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Understanding Blood Components and Functions

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  1. Blood Artery White blood cells Platelets Red blood cells

  2. Function of Blood • Deliver O2 • Remove metabolic wastes • Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume • Protection from blood loss- platelets • Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC • Transport hormones

  3. The Blood plasma 55% 45% formed elements

  4. Blood Plasma Components- 55% 90% Water 8% Solutes: • Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens • Gas • Electrolytes

  5. Blood Plasma Components • Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino Acids Lipids Vitamins • Hormones • Metabolic waste CO2 Urea

  6. Formed Elements of the Blood- 45% • Erythrocytes (red blood cells) • Leukocytes (white blood cells) • Thrombocytes (platelets)

  7. Erythrocytes

  8. Erythrocyte7.5m in dia ·Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however, repro in red bone marrow ·Hematopoiesis- production of RBC ·Function- transport respiratory gases ·Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2  chains and 2  chains ·Lack mitochondria. Why? ·1 RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules ·Men- 5 million cells/mm3 ·Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3 ·Life span 100-120 days and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)

  9. Hemoglobin

  10. RBC Diseases Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity; insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that can cause anemia- exercise, B12 deficiency

  11. RBC Diseases Sickle-cell anemia- • HbS results from a change in just one of the 287 amino acids in the  chain in the globin molecule. • Found in 1 out of 400 African Americans. • Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria infested countries, the heterozygous condition is beneficial.

  12. Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia

  13. RBC Diseases • Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,  viscosity of blood; 8-11 million cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer; however, naturally occurs at high elevations • Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2 days before event and then replace it- banned by Olympics.

  14. Types of Leukocytes 4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3 Never let monkeys eat bananas Granulocytes Neutrophils- 40-70% Eosinophils- 1-4% Basophils- <1% Agranulocytes Monocytes- 4-8% Lymphocytes- 20-45%

  15. Lymphocyte Eosinophil Basophil platelet Neutrophil Monocyte

  16. ID WBC’s

  17. Blood Cell Production

  18. Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall

  19. WBC Diseases Lukemia- too high WBC Leukocytosis- suppresses normal bone marrow function; abnormally high WBC Leukopenia- too few WBC; commonly induced by drugs, and anticancer agents Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus; excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

  20. Hemostasis: • Vessel injury 2. Vascular spasm 3. Platelet plug formation 4. Coagulation

  21. Blood Clot RBC Platelet Fibrin thread

  22. Blood Types Type A Type B Type AB Type O

  23. Antigen Protein marker on the surface of a cell membrane

  24. Antibody • Proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are made in response to the presence of antigens. • They attack foreign antigens, which result in clumping (agglutination)

  25. Blood Typing Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood type Antigen Antibody A A anti-B B B anti-A A & B AB no antibody O Neither A or B anti-A and anti-B

  26. b b b b b b b Type A Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

  27. a a a a a a a Type B Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

  28. b b b a a b a Type O Y Y Y b Y b Y Y Y Y Y a b Y Y Y Y Y a a a

  29. Type AB

  30. Rh Factor and Pregnancy RH+ indicates protein RH+ indicates protein RH- indicates no protein

  31. Rh Factor and Pregnancy Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby– problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father– no problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks

  32. Blood Type & Rh How Many Have It Frequency O Rh Positive 1 person in 3 37.4% O Rh Negative 1 person in 15 6.6% A Rh Positive 1 person in 3 35.7% A Rh Negative 1 person in 16 6.3% B Rh Positive 1 person in 12 8.5% B Rh Negative 1 person in 67 1.5% AB Rh Positive 1 person in 29 3.4% AB Rh Negative 1 person in 167 .6%

  33. INQUIRY • What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte? • What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells? • What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells? • In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______. • Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying ____ fetuses. • What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells? • In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?

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