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The Progressive Era: 1900-1917 - A Movement for Change

Explore the Progressive Era, a time of social, political, and economic reform in the United States. Learn about the key figures, important reforms, and the challenges faced during this period of immense change.

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The Progressive Era: 1900-1917 - A Movement for Change

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  1. The Progressive Era: 1900-1917 Chapter 21

  2. What is Progressivism? • New feeling that liberalism of founding fathers never counted on massive growth of private wealth in Gilded Age. • Laissez-Faire government exacerbated inequalities of class, race, and gender • Progressives: • Christian mission • Remove social evils • Concern about growing power of wealthy and trusts • Feared immigrant poor

  3. Progressivism • Strength lay in cities • Progressives: • Journalists • Academics • Social theorists • Urban dwellers • Importance of Science: • All problems could be solved through careful study and organized effort

  4. Intellectuals • ThorsteinVelben • Conspicuous consumption 1899 • William James • Pragmatism 1907 • Herbert Croly • Promise of American Life 1909 • Activist government • Jane Addams • Democracy and Social Ethics 1902 • Twenty Years at the Hull House 1910 • John Dewey • Schools engine of change • Democracy and Education 1916 • Oliver Wendell • The Common Law 1881 • Law must change as society changes

  5. Novelists, Journalists, and Artists • Novelists • Frank Morris • The Octopus1901 • Theodore Dreiser • The Financier, The Titan 1912 • Lincoln Steffans • The Shame of Cities 1904 • Journalists • McClures, Colliers • Lincoln Steffans • muckrackers • exposes • Artists • Aschan School NY • Photographed harshness of Slums • Lewis Hine (1911-1916)

  6. Political Reformers • Early Efforts 1880s, 1890s • NYC: protestant clergy vs. Tammany Hall • Mayor Hazen Pingree • Lowered transit faire • Fairer tax structure • Services for the poor • Mayors • Thomas Johnson (Cleveland, Ohio) • Copied Pingree with streetcar fares • Fought for fairer taxation • Municipal owned public facilities • Samuel M. “Golden Rule” Jones (Toledo, Ohio) • Social Gospel follower • Profit-sharing in factory • Playgrounds, free kindergarten, lodging for homeless • Robert “Fighting Bob” La Follette (Wisconsin) • Brought scientist and academics to his administration • Lowered railroad rates • Raised railroad taxes • Improved education • “laboratory of democracy” • 1903 Direct Primary • State Reforms • Secret Ballots • Copied Australia • 1910 all states used • Initiatives • Referendums • Recall • New procedures = weakened party loyalty and voter decline

  7. Regulating business, protecting workers • Corporate consolidation continued into 1900s • United States Steel Company 1901 (J.P. Morgan) • International Harvester Company • General Motors Company 1908 • Worker’s benefit • Annual real wages increase • Purchasing power • Difficulties • Entire family worked • 1.6 million children • Long hours/ hazards • Efficiency • Frederick Taylor • Scientific Management • Laws/reforms • Triangle shirtwaist fire • Florence Kelley • Conditions in factories • Alice Hamilton • Industrial hygiene

  8. Making Cities More Livable • Human warehouses • Lacked: • Adequate parks • Municipal services • Public Health resources • Recreational facilities • Reforms • City Planning • Daniel Burnham • NY Tenement reforms 1911 • Regulation of milk and food handlers • Improved sewage and water systems • vaccinations

  9. Moral Control in the Cities • Lower-class amusements immoral • Amusement parks • Nickelodeons • Charlie Chaplin • “nickel madness” • Tin Pan Alley • Ragtime • Attempts at reform • Anti-Saloon League • 1895, Protestant Clergy • Women’s Christian Temperance Movement (WCTM) • Targeted prostitution • “social evil” • 1910 Mann Act • Natives vs. Immigrants • Temperance targeted: • Irish • Germans • Italians • Importance of taverns to immigrant communities • Drug-use Campaigns • Opium, Cocaine widely used • Cocaine in Coca-Cola • Cough Medicine • 1912 treaty banning Opium trade • 1914 Narcotics Act

  10. Immigration Restriction • Use of science • 1911 study, Edward A Ross • Proved immigrants degeneracy • Low browed, big faced, low mentality • Henry Cabot Lodge • Literacy Tests, vetoed • Eugenics • Controlled reproduction • Madison Grant • Denounced southern Europeans, Jews, and Africans • Bogus data • Racial segregation, forced sterilization • 1927 Buck v. Bell • Upheld laws to sterilize criminals, sex offenders, mental deficient • Laws • Alien Land Law 1913- CA

  11. Racism and Progressivism • Racism peaking in the south • Politically • Democrats push disenfranchisement as “reform” • Tensions in the North • Migration to north 1890-1910 • Only slightly better conditions • Birth of a Nation 1915 • Hostility • Atlanta Riots 1906 • Response: • Strong social institutions

  12. Black Organization • William Monroe Trotter • 1902, Criticizes Booker T. Washington, too slow • Ida Wells-Barnett • Anti-lynching campaign • W.E.B. Du Bois • Attacked “Tuskegee Machine” • The Souls of Black Folk 1903 • Demanded full racial equality • Niagara Movement 1905 • Universal male suffrage • Civil rights • NAACP 1909

  13. Woman Suffrage Movement • 1910 • 4 western states allow women to vote • Grass-Roots Campaign • California triumph 1911 • National Movement • Susan B. Anthony • Carrie Chapman Catt • Lobbied legislation • Media blitz, fundraisers • 1917 NY Victory • Civil Disobedience • Alice Paul • Too passive • Picketed President Wilson

  14. Woman’s “New Sphere” • Charlotte Perkins Gilman • Women and Economics 1898 • Roots of female subordination • Advocated economic independence • Herland 1915 • Margaret Sanger • Coined term “birth control” • Social movement for social change • Also Mary Ware Dennett

  15. Worker’s Organization • Labor Unions expand 20% • 1908 Danbury Hatters Case • Forbade unions for organizing boycotts • Ladies’ Garment Worker’s Union • Success strikes 1909, 1911 • Women of all classes participated • Industrial Workers of the World, Chicago 1905 • Wobblies • Less mass strikes of gold miners • 1912 bitter Textile mill strike • Reputation for violence

  16. Socialism • Socialist Party of America • Hybrid of Karl Marx theories • Eugene V. Debs • Ran in 5 Presidential Elections • Championed end of Capitalism and public ownership of railroads, utilities, etc.

  17. Theodore Roosevelt • “Now that damned Cowboy is President” – Mark Hanna • Progressive Reformer • White house a bully “pulpit” for reforms • Worked to shift power from wall street to Washington • Trustbuster • 1902 United Mine Worker’s Union Strike • 1902 State of the Union • “Trustbusting” • Suit against Northern Securities • 1903 Elkins Act • Created Department of Labor and Commerce • Hepburn Act of 1906 • Empowered Interstate Commerce Commission

  18. T.R. Reforms • Pure Food and Drug Act 1906 • The Jungle 1906 • Meat Inspection Act 1906 • Environmentalism • Boy Scouts 1910, Girl Scouts 1912 • National Reclamation Act 1902 • Money from public lands for water management in arid regions • 16 million acres of national forest • National Park Service Act 1906 • Gilford Pinchot • Planned development • US Forrest Service

  19. William Howard Taft • Handpicked by T.R. • Presidency marked by progressive stalemate, bitter break with T.R., and a schism in the Republican Party • T.R.’s Legacy • Mann-Elkins Act 1910 • More trustbusting than T.R. • Insurgents • Sen. La Follette • Issue over the tariff • Payne-Aldrich Tariff • Ballinger-Pinchot Affair • T.R.’s Return • Sides with Insurgents

  20. The Greatest Presidential Election • Republicans • Taft • conservative • Democrats • Woodrow Wilson • New Freedom • Small government, small business, free competition • Progressives • Roosevelt, “Bull Moose Party” • New Nationalism • Federal planning and regulation • Increases in power of government • Tariff regulation, Women’s suffrage • Socialist • Eugene V. Debs

  21. Woodrow Wilson • Owed victory to democratic machine, turned his back • Democratic congress ready to do his bidding • Tariff • Spoke directly to Congress • Underwood-Simmons Tariff • Reduced rates by average of 15%, included income tax • Banking and Currency Reform 1913 • Panic of 1907 • Federal Reserve Act 1913 • 12 regional Federal reserve banks • Most imp. Legislation • The “Fed”

  22. Wilson Reforms • Federal Trade Commission Act 1914 • Watchdog agency • Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914 • Improved Sherman act • Magna Carta of labor • 1916 Reforms • Keating-Owen Act • Barred Child labor • Adamson Act • 8 hr workday • Worker’s Compensation Act • Federal Farm Act • Use land or crops to get low-interest federal loans • Federal Warehouse Act • Federal Highway Act

  23. Constitutional Amendments • 16th Amendment • Income tax authority 1913 • Max of 7% • 17th Amendment • Direct election of US Senators by voters rather than state legislatures • Populist influence • Wisconsin • 18th Amendment • Prohibition • 19th Amendment • Women’s right to vote

  24. Progressive loses steam

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