1 / 43

Using Information Technology

Using Information Technology. Chapter 5, from textbook Using Information Technology, pp169 - 198 Hardware--The CPU & Storage. Hardware--The CPU & Storage How to Buy a Multimedia Computer System. 5.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility 5.2 The System Unit 5.3 Secondary Storage

dea
Download Presentation

Using Information Technology

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Using Information Technology Chapter 5, from textbook Using Information Technology, pp169 - 198 Hardware--The CPU & Storage

  2. Hardware--The CPU & StorageHow to Buy a Multimedia Computer System • 5.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & Mobility • 5.2 The System Unit • 5.3 Secondary Storage • 5.4 Future Developments in Processing & Storage

  3. Transistor - a tiny electrically operated switch, or gate, that can alternate between “on” and “off” many millions of times per second 5.1 Microchips, Miniaturization, & MobilityFrom Vacuum Tubes to Transistors to Microchips 1940s vacuum tube towering over 1950s transistor

  4. Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip • Make large drawing. Reduce drawing hundreds of times to microscopic size. • Duplicate reduced photo many times on sheet.

  5. Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip • Print sheet of multiple copies on a wafer made of silicon, a semiconductor. • Print layer after layer above and below original silicon surface.

  6. Steps in Manufacture of a Microchip • Cut wafer into chips. • Mount chip in frame with connective pins extruding.

  7. Miniaturization Miracles: Microchips, Microprocessors, & Micromachines • Types of microchips: • Memory • Logic • Communications • Graphics • Math • Microprocessor • Microcontroller

  8. 5.2 The System UnitThe Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions • The binary system has only two digits--0 and 1. • Bit - binary digit • Byte - group of 8 bits used to represent one character, digit, or other value

  9. The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions • Kilobyte 1000 bytes • Megabyte 1,000,000 bytes (one million) • Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 bytes (one billion) • Terabyte 1 trillion bytes • Petabyte 1 quadrillion bytes

  10. The Binary System: Using On/Off Electrical States to Represent Data & Instructions • ASCII - the binary code most widely used with microcomputers • EBCDIC - used with large computers • Unicode - uses two bytes for each character rather than one

  11. The Parity Bit Parity bit - an extra bit attached to the end of a byte for purposes of checking for accuracy • Even parity - sum of bits must come out even • Odd parity - sum of bits must come out odd Even parity scheme

  12. Machine Language • Machine language - a binary-type programming language that the computer can run directly

  13. The Computer Case: Bays, Buttons & Boards • Bay - a shelf or opening used for the installation of electronic equipment • System unit - houses the motherboard, power supply, and storage devices • Case - empty box with just power supply Overhead view of system unit

  14. Power Supply • Power supply - a device that converts AC to DC to run the computer • Types of power protection devices: • Surge protector • Voltage regulator • UPS UPS Surge protector

  15. The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip • Motherboard - the main circuit board in the system unit • Expansion - increasing a computer’s capabilities by adding hardware • Upgrading - changing to newer, more powerful versions

  16. The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip • Two principal architectures or designs of microprocessors: • CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing) - Supports a large number of instructions at relatively low processing speeds • RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing) - Supports a reduced number of instructions in order to obtain faster processing speeds

  17. The Motherboard & the Microprocessor Chip • Two kinds of microprocessors used in most personal computers today: • Intel-type chips made by Intel, AMD, and others • Motorola-type chips made by Motorola for Apple Macintosh computers

  18. Processing Speeds: From Megahertz to Picoseconds

  19. How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers

  20. How the Processor or CPU works: Control Unit, ALU, & Registers Machine cycle

  21. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash • Types of memory chips: • RAM - Random Access Memory, used to temporarily hold software instructions and data • ROM • CMOS • Flash

  22. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash • Types of memory chips: • RAM • ROM - Read-Only Memory, which cannot be written on or erased by the computer user. Contains fixed start-up instructions • CMOS • Flash

  23. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash • Types of memory chips: • RAM • ROM • CMOS - Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; powered by a battery and thus doesn’t lose its contents when the power is off • Flash

  24. How Memory Works: RAM, ROM, CMOS, & Flash • Types of memory chips: • RAM • ROM • CMOS • Flash - can be erased and reprogrammed more than once

  25. How Cache Works: Level 1 (Internal) & Level 2 (External) • Cache - temporary storage for instructions and data that the processor is likely to use frequently, thus speeding up processing • Level 1 (L1) cache - built into the microprocessor • Level 2 (L2) cache - consists of RAM chips outside microprocessor • Virtual memory - free hard-disk space used to extend the capacity of RAM

  26. Other Methods of Speeding Up Processing:Interleaving, Bursting, & Pipelining • Interleaving - a process in which the CPU alternates communication between two or more memory banks • Bursting - a process in which the CPU grabs a block of information at a time, on the assumption that the next address requested will be sequential to the previous one • Pipelining - division of large tasks into a series of smaller overlapping ones

  27. Ports & Cables • Types of ports: • Serial port - sends bits one at a time, one after another • Parallel port • SCSI port • USB port • Dedicated port • Infrared port

  28. Ports & Cables • Serial port • Parallel port - transmits 8 bits simultaneously • SCSI port • USB port • Dedicated port • Infrared port

  29. Ports & Cables • Serial port • Parallel port • SCSI port - allows data to be transmitted in a “daisy chain” to up to 7 devices • USB port • Dedicated port • Infrared port

  30. Ports & Cables • Serial port • Parallel port • SCSI port • USB port - can theoretically connect up to 127 peripheral devices daisy-chained to one general-purpose port • Dedicated port • Infrared port

  31. Ports & Cables • Serial port • Parallel port • SCSI port • USB • Dedicated port - special-purpose ports • Infrared port Dedicated ports: mouse port, modem port, and keyboard port

  32. Ports & Cables • Serial port • Parallel port • SCSI port • USB • Dedicated port - special-purpose ports • Infrared port - allows a computer to make a cableless connection with infrared-capable devices

  33. Expandability: Buses & Cards • Expansion slots- sockets on the motherboard into which you can plug expansion cards • Expansion cards - circuit boards that provide more memory or that control peripheral devices

  34. Expandability: Buses & Cards • ISA bus - for ordinary low-speed uses; the most widely used expansion bus • PCI bus - for higher-speed uses; used to connect graphics cards, sound cards, modems, and high-speed network cards • AGP bus - for even higher speeds and 3D graphics

  35. Expandability: Buses & Cards • Graphics cards - for monitors • Sound cards - for speakers and audio output • Modem cards - for remote communication via phone lines • Network interface cards - for remote communication via cable • PC cards - for laptop computers

  36. 5.3 Secondary StorageFloppy Disks • Floppy disk - a removable flat piece of mylar plastic packaged in a 3.5-inch plastic case

  37. Floppy-Disk Cartridges • Zip disks - 100 or 250 Mb • SuperDisks - 120 Mb • HiFD disks - 200 Mb

  38. Hard Disks • Hard disks - thin but rigid metal platters covered with a substance that allows data to be held in the form of magnetized spots

  39. Hard Disks • Head crash - event that happens when the surface of the read/write head or particles on its surface come into contact with the surface of the hard-disk platter, causing the loss of some or all of the data on the disk

  40. Hard Disks • Nonremovable hard disks - housed in a microcomputer system unit and used to store nearly all programs and most data files

  41. Hard Disks • Removable hard disks - one or two platters enclosed along with read/write heads in a hard plastic case, which is inserted into a microcomputer’s cartridge drive Bits on disk - dark stripes are 0 bits and bright stripes are 1 bits

  42. Hard-Disk Technology for Large Computer Systems • Removable packs - 6-20 hard disks aligned one above the other in a sealed unit • Fixed-disk drive - high-speed, high-capacity disk drives that are sealed in their own cabinets • RAID storage system - two or more disk drives within a single cabinet which sends data to the computer along several parallel paths simultaneously

  43. Summary • Microchips, miniaturization and mobility: difference between transistors, IC and microprocessors • System unit: data in computers, components of system cabinet • Secondary storage: floppy disks, hard disks, optical disks

More Related