Principles of Effective Research Writing

1. Principles of Effective Research Writing

2. How to write it? • All data should be on hand. Organize all data. • Structure your report. Title, section heading, subheadings. Check for sufficient information to write in each section. Each subsection should have key contents to make writing easier. • Use simple logical procedure. Edit and rewrite thoroughly until the report is coherent. • Write – revise – rewrite. The first draft tends to be poorly written. Whenever a key point emerges, revise the appropriate section and edit the rest. Seek help. If possible rewrite. • Be clear. Be simple. Write sentences that have the greatest impact. Use diagrams, illustrations, and tables to break up the text and avoid boredom.

3. CHAPTER - I INTRODUCTION

4. Sub – sections • Introduction • Statement of the Problem • Significance of the Study • Scope and Limitations • Definition of Terms

5. DEFINITION : • This is the background and purpose of your study. It includes your clearly formulated and testable hypothesis, as well as explanation of your idea, how you got it and why you think the work is interesting. Also include what you hoped to achieve when you started the project. • One paragraph that tells the whole story. One way to do this is to write a sentence for each idea in the scientific method. One for the purpose, one telling what experiment or test you did, etc.

6. Tips on Writing good Introduction

7. Rules for a Good Introduction • It should present with all clarity the nature and scope of the problem • It should review the pertinent literature to orient the reader • It should state the method of investigation

8. How to make instant Introduction ?

9. Answer the ff. QUESTONS • Why did you select this research project ? • Are there others who have done similar studies ? • What the others have done or not done that moved you to work on this problem ? • What are your observations that are relevant to the study ? • Will the results of the study make any contributions in the attainment of a better quality of life ?

10. What? When? Where? PROBLEM Why? How?

11. What? When? Where? SOLUTION Why? How?

12. What? When? Where? MATERIAL Why? How?

13. WHO WILL BENEFIT FROM THE STUDY?

14. Example : • Our country is located in the ring of fire and faults geographically, that is why we are prone to natural disaster such as tsunami, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. We cannot predict where and when these phenomena will occur. Most of the time, we are not prepared and these lead to damage of properties and if worse comes to worst, these will even cost our lives. These things trigger the researchers to look and produce a product out of waste materials to be utilized. The research is about using Polyester Resin Filler as an alternative material in preserving small damages such as cracks and holes in concrete cement buildings that may lead to great damage because it may cause the infrastructures to be weak. But the study is limited to applying the produced product in roads. • Epoxies and Polyesters were first developed in the 1930’s. However, neither found widespread commercial application until after World War II. Both materials have since played a major role in revolutionizing manufacturing and construction techniques.

15. Currently, newly asphalted and cemented roads easily deteriorate to the point that cracking and potholes occur at once. These lead to serious road accidents and may even cause death. These things can be avoided if we choose right and appropriate material even though there are high quality materials that are commercially sold in the market today still we encounter problems in terms of their effectiveness and durability. Concrete epoxy is usually used to repair road cracks and potholes. However, concrete epoxy exhibits long setting time ranging from 24 to 38 hours curing time in at least 72 hours. It is for this reason the researchers wanted to explore Polyester Filled Resin to be a possible replacement to concrete epoxy. • Polyester Resin Filler is a fast-setting compound for quick repair of concrete surfaces. It starts to set within 20 minutes after addition of catalyst and will totally cure overnight or 24 hours.

16. Polyester Resin Filler is a two-component system comprising of a filled thermosetting polyester resin and its catalyst. Thermosetting polyester resin refers to the unsaturated polyester resin which is a reaction condensation product of glycol and acids particularly propylene glycol, phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride. During the condensation reaction, water is eliminated and ester linkages are generated to produce a resin. The unsaturation brought to this system by the acid provides reactive sites for subsequent cross-linking. The resin produced is dissolved in styrene monomer for ease of handling. The liquid resin is accelerated with Cobalt Accelerator and catalyze with liquid catalyst particularly MEKP (Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide) which causes the resin to polymerize into a hard solid state. (Caution: MEKP is extremely powerful oxidizing agent, thus extra care is needed in handling this chemical as this causes slight burning under prolonged exposure). • Polyester resins come in hundreds of different formulations and use. Polyester resin may be flexible for used in mouldings, placemats and for automotive body-patching compound. Semi-flexible or semi-rigid resins are primarily used for the production of glass fiber-reinforced boats, planters and decorative castings. There are also the rigid type polyester resins, which are used for lamination, for the production of cultured marble and onyx, and furnitures. For road filler, a rigid resin will be used as this need to be tough enough to withstand the weight.

17. As far as polyester resin is concerned, there are many things to consider. Specifications of resin are very important, as these will influence final resin performance. Some of these specifications are: viscosity, acid value, gel time, cure time and hardness. End-use properties are tailored to the specific market place into which the resins are sold. For instance, for automotive applications, they require resin with shrink control additive in order to produce very smooth molded surfaces. The sanitary ware market requires resin with a variety of fillers such as talc, calcium carbonate, marblemite, etc. The marine industry requires resin that can be sprayed up with fiberglass reinforcement. • Thus, while polyester resins may be cast in pure form, they are most frequently used in combination with fillers and reinforcements, such as glass fibers. In the case of this study, the fillers to be used will either be sand.

18. GROUP ACTIVITY • Create your own Introduction using the tips that you’ve learned. • Then let your group members read and critic your work. • That will serve as your second quiz in research.