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Structure and Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids General Features

Structure and Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids General Features Isomerism, Chirality and Optical Rotation Amphoteric Properties Amino Acid Side Chains Acid Base Characteristics of Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins Levels of Protein Structure

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Structure and Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids General Features

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  1. Structure and Properties of Amino Acids and Proteins Amino Acids General Features Isomerism, Chirality and Optical Rotation Amphoteric Properties Amino Acid Side Chains Acid Base Characteristics of Amino Acids Peptides and Proteins Levels of Protein Structure Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary and Quaternary Structures How Protein Conformations are Stabilizing

  2. General Amino Acid Structure

  3. General Amino Acid Features Isomerism -O O- O = O = C C +H3N H C H NH3+ C R R L - isomer D - isomer Constitutional isomers, nonsuperimposable, mirror images (i.e. stereoisomers)

  4. General Amino Acid Features Chirality and the R, S system H < C < N < O -O O- O = O = C C +H3N H C H NH3+ C R R R - clockwise S - counterclockwise

  5. General Amino Acid Features Amphoteric Properties Zwitterions -O O- O = O = C C +H3N H C H NH3+ C R R L - isomer D - isomer

  6. Nonpolar Hydrophobic Amino Acids Alanine Isoleucine Leucine Valine Pyruvate Proline

  7. Aromatic Amino Acids Tyrosine Phenylalanine Tryptophan

  8. Metabolic intermediates Metabolic intermediates Aspartic Acid Oxaloacetate Glutamic Acid A-ketoglutarate

  9. Positively Charged Amino Acids Arginine Lysine Histidine

  10. Amino Acids with Uncharged R- groups (but vary in polarity) Cysteine Asparagine Serine Glycine Methionine Glutamine Threonine

  11. Essential amino acids Humans can produce 10 of the 20 amino acids. The others must be supplied in the food. Failure to obtain enough of even 1 of the 10 essential amino acids, those that we cannot make, results in degradation cellular and noncellular proteins to obtain the one amino acid that is needed. Unlike fat and starch, the human body does not store excess amino acids for later use—the amino acids must be in the food every day. The 10 amino acids that we can produce are: AlanineAsparagineAspartic acid CysteineGlutamic acidGlutamine GlycineProlineSerine Tyrosine Tyrosine is produced from phenylalanine, so if the diet is deficient in phenylalanine, tyrosine will be required as well.

  12. Proline

  13. The essential amino acids are: ArginineHistidineIsoleucine LeucineLysineMethionine PhenylalanineThreonineTryptophan Valine These amino acids are REQUIRED in the diet. They are INDISPENSABLE.

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