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M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

Progress Report MBTOC Cochairs: Marta Pizano Mohamed Besri Michelle Marcotte Ian Porter. Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee. M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l. 1.

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M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

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  1. Progress Report MBTOC Cochairs: Marta Pizano Mohamed Besri Michelle Marcotte Ian Porter Methyl Bromide Technical Options Committee M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l 1

  2. MB Production for controlled uses Since 2004, China is the only A5 reporting production of MB for controlled uses. Some chemical companies in India indicate on their websites that they produce MB and some of this appears to be for controlled uses (e.g. soil fumigation). Source: MBTOC 2010 Assessment Report

  3. Global consumption of MB 1991 - 2009 (controlled uses) For the first time, A5 consumption is larger than non-A5 Source: MBTOC 2010 Assessment Report

  4. Report of the MBTOC-QPSonQuarantine and Pre-shipment uses of Methyl Bromide M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

  5. Methyl bromide produced for QPS Ozone Secretariat Data Centre July 2011

  6. Methyl bromide QPS consumption • Latest consumption data officially available (2009) • Global consumption trend downwards, but up in 2009 • Non-A5 trend is downwards, but up in 2009 • A5 trend is upwards, but has levelled off Ozone Secretariat Data Centre July 2011

  7. Controlled vs exempted (QPS) consumption Exempted MB consumption was larger that controlled consumption for the first time in 2008 Ozone Secretariat Data Centre July 2011

  8. Regional trends in MB-QPS consumption • Asian region consumes most MB-QPS Ozone Secretariat Data Centre July 2011

  9. International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) work on methyl bromide IPPC has provided recommendations and guidance to National Plant Protection Organisations on the replacement or reduction of MB used as a phytosanitary measure. ISPM-15 (about 20% of global MB-QPS) allows heat instead of methyl bromide for the treatment of Wood Packaging Material (WPM), and is satisfied using heat treatment facilities located in A5 and non-A5 Parties Non-wood pallets (plastic, cardboard, plywood, particle board) are exempt from ISPM-15 treatment. An IPPC Expert Panel is evaluating more alternatives for ISPM-15 for the treatment of Wood Packaging Material:

  10. Work by Expert Technical Panels in the IPPC update on progress

  11. Other issues • MB-QPS is now the largest remaining use of MB which is not subject to a freeze and reduction under the Montreal Protocol • MB-QPS consumption exceeded non-QPS consumption for the first time in 2009, mainly due to increases in Asia and the US • 82% of Parties have never reported consumption, or reported zero tonnes, or reported less than 10 tonnes • Some Parties have phased out MB-QPS and others have announced their intention to do so in the near future • MBTOC estimates that 31-47% of the top four highest consuming categories of MB-QPS (grain, logs, soil, WPM) can be replaced immediately with commercially alternatives

  12. MBTOC Soils Progress Report

  13. Progress for MB phaseout for preplant soil uses in non A5 Parties • Approx. 45,000 t of MB consumed in non A5 countries in 1991. Only 704 t is being requested for preplant soil uses in 2013. • Only 3 Parties, Australia, Canada and USA continue to use MB for preplant soil uses in non A5 countries. • The fumigants, 1,3-D, Pic and MI are key alternatives to MB being used in many countries. Restrictions on their use in some countries, especially European countries means that other existing non-chemical technologies are increasing. M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

  14. Progress for MB phaseout for preplant soil uses – A5 Parties • Total reported A5 consumption of MB for controlled uses in 2009 was 5,463 tonnes (over 75% reduction from the baseline of 16,000 tonnes) • MBTOC estimates that about 90% of controlled uses are for soil fumigation (about 4,916 tonnes). • Cucurbits (28%), strawberries and other berries (21%) and tomatoes (14%) are the major remaining consumer sectors. Other crops include cut flowers, ginger, peppers and other vegetables. M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

  15. Progress for MB phaseout for preplant soil uses • Technologies that avoid the need for MB (i.e substrates, soilless culture, grafting, resistant varieties) continue to expand worldwide for sectors previously using MB, as these technologies are becoming more cost effective. • Preplant treatment with MB represents about 15% of global QPS use of MB. MBTOC continues to urge Parties to review the status of these uses as QPS uses. Canada supplied a useful summary of their interpretation of these uses – see TEAP Progress Report 2011. • Emergence of new or re-emergence of previously controlled pathogens has occurred after use of several MB alternatives for a few years.  M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

  16. MBTOC A5 Progress Report

  17. A5 regional MB consumption 1991 - 2009 (controlled uses) Latin America is the only region using more MB than in 1991 Source: MBTOC 2010 Assessment Report

  18. Progress for MB phaseout for preplant soil uses – A5 Parties • Total reported A5 consumption of MB for controlled uses in 2009 was 8,145 tonnes (over 75% reduction from the • MBTOC estimates that about 90% of controlled uses are for soil fumigation (about 7,350 tonnes). • Cucurbits (28%), strawberries and other berries (21%) and tomatoes (14%) are the major remaining consumer sectors. Other crops include cut flowers, ginger, peppers and other vegetables. M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l

  19. Critical Use Nominations in A5 Parties MB is due to be fully phased out in A5 Parties by Jan 1 2015. Nearly 80% of the controlled consumption in A5 Parties has already been phased out, well ahead of 2015. This has been achieved largely as a result of investment projects implemented by the agencies, with MLF funding. Nominations from A5 Parties may be submitted beginning in 2013 for use in 2015. MBTOC is mindful of the difficult and complex process that occurred during the first round of CUNs in 2003. TEAP urges Parties to consider the requirements for CUNs as set out in the ‘Handbook on Critical Use Nominations’

  20. MBTOC SC Progress Report

  21. Assessment Report - 1 Controlling Pests in Flour and Cereal Mills Flour and cereal mills are the largest post harvest CUN MB use  Millers, flour customers and inspectors do not tolerate any pest presence  Assessment Report reviews IPM methods from prevention, pest identification, cleaning, monitoring and pest responses, which may include use of pesticides, including use of fumigants. Some mills are using IPM programs, without MB, but some still have some difficulties SF – See Special Report in 2011 TEAP Progress Report  Heat treatment – either full site or spot heat also effective; used by more Canadian than American millers  Millers also use combinations of phosphine/CO2/heat

  22. Assessment Report - 2Controlling Pests in Commodities Several commodity treatments being adopted: carbonyl sulphide, ethyl formate, methyl iodide, modified atmospheres (several methods), phosphine and sulfuryl fluoride Controlled atmosphere emerged with fast and widespread commercial adoption. Suitable for the widest range of food and non-food commodities. Compatible with organic certification. Methods, case studies, current uses all reviewed  Treatments for dates covered and new data in Progress Report  Two areas of concern are the need to avoid development of pest resistance to chemical fumigants; psocids are emerging as postharvest pests

  23. SF Efficacy Special Report- Intro 1 M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l • Parties and researchers: inconsistencies in observed lack of efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride (SF) in killing pest eggs in practice. • SF adopted by some Parties as the principal alternative to methyl bromide in structural and commodity uses. • Lack of full effectiveness of SF against pest eggs contributes to several critical use nominations. • MBTOC SC prepared a Special Review, of reported laboratory studies on SF in controlling eggs of stored product insect pests. • Review as a basis for analysis and advice for full control of pests by SF in commercial fumigations.

  24. MBTOC SC Special ReportSF Efficacy Intro -2 The usual commercial dosage rate of SF is sufficient to give full control (including eggs) common pests. BUT, it is insufficient to fully control eggs of some common species of stored product insect pests – especially <25˚C. It is important to achieve a >99% kill of infestations, including the egg stage. This high degree of control of all life stages is economically necessary and avoids selecting for resistant strains of pests. Commercial conditions such as: cool temperature, leaky structures, presence of packaging materials results in inadequate fumigation and pest survivors. The Special Report is a guide to improving the efficacy of SF as a key methyl bromide replacement.

  25. MBTOC- SC Special ReportSF Efficacy Key Messages M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l Fumigations which target only 95% efficacy in killing pest eggs can quickly result in severe re-infestation and eventually pest resistance. Therefore, repeated treatments, fumigations should be conducted to achieve a very high level of kill (>99%) of all pest life stages, including eggs.

  26. MBTOC Special ReportSF Efficacy – Steps M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l Identify the pests to select treatment parameters. Use data in the Special Review tables to determine the treatment parameters necessary for >99% mortality. Crucial factors are temperature, length of exposure, and level of concentration, which operate differently on different species.

  27. SF Efficacy Special Report Comments M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l An effective treatment may require a combination of concentration, duration and elevated temperature, as indicated in our tables – not currently found elsewhere The dosage/mortality values from laboratory studies may be used as a basis of increased commercial dosage recommendations, with allowance for the inefficiencies and deviations that occur in practice

  28. Regulatory News Affecting MB Alternatives for Postharvest Uses M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l Australia: Fluoride presence is not a problem in Australian diets; no reductions in SF approvals. Canada: established food tolerances allow SF use on some US food imports; but no domestic food tolerances Japan: will stop using MB for chestnuts by 2015. Also making progress in the logistical and training requirements for methyl iodide for control of chestnut pests. USA: No news on the US EPA proposed regulation for a 3-year phase out of food tolerances affecting use of SF on foods and food processing structures.

  29. MBTOC Economic Assessment

  30. MBTOC Economic Assessment The economists have difficulty in assessment of the economic information provided by Parties in CUNs. The economic evaluation by partial budget analysis is usually considered sufficient for CUN assessment. A Party should document the calculation of the partial budget analysis by taking gross revenue and subtracting variable costs to result in the gross margin. Partial budgets seldom come from peer reviewed literature, so MBTOC prefers that revenue and cost data be verified by a competent third party familiar with the industry before submission. M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l 30

  31. MBTOC Economic Assessment M o n t r e a l P r o t o c o l O E W G - 3 1 m e e t i n g, 1 - 5 A u g u s t 2 0 11, M o n t r e a l • Partial budgeting can clarify the economics of many practical problems (e.g. variable yields or input prices) through sensitivity analysis. • MBTOC has not yet encountered circumstances where deeper economic analysis will be needed. • In the event that a future CUN will be based on economic arguments, MBTOC recommends adoption of the following guideline: • ‘alternatives leading to decreases in gross margins of > 15 - 20% will not be economically feasible’.

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