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MICROWAVE

MICROWAVE. Primer. Andrew Wallace MEng (Hons) AMIEE Regional Sales Specialist. 1. An Introduction To Microwave Theory And Components. Electromagnetic Spectrum. 10km 100m 1m 1cm 100 m m 1 m m 100A 1A. 100km 1 km 100m 10cm 1mm 10 m m 0.1 m m 10A .

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MICROWAVE

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  1. MICROWAVE Primer Andrew Wallace MEng (Hons) AMIEE Regional Sales Specialist

  2. 1. An Introduction To Microwave Theory And Components

  3. Electromagnetic Spectrum 10km 100m 1m 1cm 100mm 1mm 100A 1A 100km 1 km 100m 10cm 1mm 10mm 0.1mm 10A ELF VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF UV X-rays Milli- meter Microwave Infrared 3 x 102 3 x 105 3 x 107 3 x 109 3 x 1011 3 x 1013 3 x 1015 3 x 1017 3 x 104 3 x 106 3 x 108 3 x 1010 3 x 1012 3 x 1014 3 x 1016 3 x 1018

  4. Microwave Systems

  5. Transmission Lines

  6. Coaxial Conductors Outer Conductor Half Wavelength Inner Conductor Er a Electric Field Magnetic Field b Impedance : Z = 138 log10 b ÖEr a

  7. Ground Plane Stripline Conductors Dielectric material Copper / gold strip Metallic ground strip Ground Plane

  8. Microstrip Conductors Ground Plane Copper / gold strip Dielectric material Metallic ground strip Ground Plane

  9. lg / 2 b Side View a lg / 2 Cross Section Electric Field Magnetic Field Top View Wave Propagation

  10. Waveguide Types

  11. Why 50W Connectors 1.4 Attenuation is lowest at 77W 1.2 50W standard Normalized Values 1 0.8 Power handling capacity peaks at 30W 0.6 1 20 30 40 50 60 70 100 Characteristic Impedance (W)

  12. Coaxial Connectors

  13. Connector Standards GPC 14 14 mm 50: DC to 8.5 GHz IEEE 287 & 75: DC to 2 GHz IEC 457 Type N 7 mm 50: DC to 18 GHz Mil-C-39012 & 75: DC to 2 GHz BS 9210 BNC/TNC 7 mm 50: DC to 4 GHz Mil-C-39012 & 75: DC to 2 GHz BS 9210 Precifix AA 7 mm 50: DC to 18 GHz IEEE 287 & IEC 457 GPC 7 7 mm 50: DC to 18 GHz IEEE 287 & IEC 457 SMA 4 mm 50: DC to 26 GHz Mil-C-39012 & BS 9210 GPC 3.5 3.5 mm 50: DC to 34 GHz Type K 2.92 mm 50: DC to 46 GHz

  14. Connector Types

  15. Connector Handling

  16. Terminations

  17. Attenuators

  18. Limiters Pout Watt Pin Watt

  19. Filters

  20. Load Directional Couplers C Coupled Input Through A B

  21. Coaxial Coupler Waveguide Coupler Directional Couplers

  22. Balun Detector 50W 50W 50W Test Port ZX [ ] ZX - 50 ZX + 50 Bridges & Autotesters Source Vdetector = Const = Const G

  23. Autotester

  24. Diode Detector DC Block C1 DC Voltage Output Microwave Input C2 50W R

  25. Power Splitter Output 50W Input 50W Output

  26. Wilkinson & Resistive Power Dividers Output A Input 100W Loss 3dB Output B 16.66 W Output A Input 16.66W Loss 6dB Output B 16.66W

  27. Circulators & Isolators A B Low loss A to B B to C C to A High loss A to C C to B B to A C

  28. PIN Devices W P+ I N+ W = Width Of Layer I

  29. H DC DC Magnetic Field Electromagnet H AC YIG sphere R.F. Input AC Magnetic Field R.F. Output The YIG Oscillator

  30. Electromagnet YIG sphere Active Device R.F. Output Fo = g Ho YIG Frequency

  31. ] [ Travelling Wave Tubes (TWT) Focusing Magnet Cathode Collector Microwave Signal Electron Flow Focusing Magnet R.F. O/P Axial Velocity Of Electron Microwave Signal @ Velocity

  32. Antennas

  33. Antennas

  34. Tea Time

  35. 2. Scalar Analysis : An Introduction To Measurements And Concepts.

  36. 2-Port Scalar Analysis VINC VTRANS DUT VREF

  37. Scalar Measurement Coefficients • What quantities can be measured by a Scalar Network Analyzer? • Insertion Loss/Gain • Return Loss, VSWR (Reflection Coefficient) • Relationship between reflection expressions • t = magnitude of transmission coefficient • r = magnitude of reflection coefficient (Biggest = 1 , Smallest = 0) • VSWR = 1 + r Return Loss = -20 log10(r) dB • 1 - r • r = | G | t = | T |

  38. Return Loss - Some Typical Values Return loss VSWR Short / Open circuit 0dB ±1 Matched load Theory dB 1 0 Practice 40dB 1.02 0.01 Matched antenna (Broadband) 14 - 26dB 1.1 - 1.5 0.05 - 0.2 Typical component 14dB 1.5 0.2 Adapter (Co-ax) >26dB <1.1 <0.05 Waveguide / Co-ax transition 14 - 26dB 1.1 - 1.5 0.05 - 0.2 Waveguide flange 26 - 34dB 1.04 - 1.1 0.02 - 0.05

  39. DUT Scalar Analyzer Block Diagram Display Detector Ramp Generator Source

  40. Frequency Response Basic System - Single Detector

  41. Simple Return Loss Measurement DUT RF OUT Coupled Detector port

  42. Return Loss and Insertion Loss Basic system - Autotester and Detector

  43. Test Points Sources Of Error A B C A C B Adapter RF DUT Wanted Reflected Signal Wanted Reference Signal Load Match Adapter Wanted Transmitted Signal Source Match Test Port Match Directivity

  44. DUT Transmission Errors - Frequency Response Detector Frequency Response Frequency Response Of Cables

  45. Transmission Errors - Source & Load Match Calibration Detector lo DUT rs rd r1 r2 Transmission Uncertainty (worst case) u = (rs * rd) + (rs * r1 * lo ) + (rd * r2 * lo) + (rs * r1 * r2 * rd * lo) or in dB = 20 log10 (1 + u)

  46. Reflection Errors - Frequency Response Autotester test port frequency response Autotester

  47. ra = rm + [D+ rs ra2] ra DUT Reflection Errors - Directivity & Source Match Where: ra = Actual Reflection Coefficient rm = Measured Reflection Coefficient rs = Test Port Match D = Directivity rs D

  48. Use Of Adapters

  49. Waveguide Return Loss - single coupler Single coupler solution

  50. Waveguide Return loss - dual coupler Dual couplers measure incident and reflected power

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