Classification

1. Classification Finding Order in Diversity

2. Finding Order in Diversity Biologists have identified and named over 1.7 million species so far. Estimates = between 2-100 million species yet be discovered

3. ________________. . . Classification the grouping of objects or organisms based on a set of criteria.

4. Why Classify? Identifies and names organisms Groups organisms in a logical manner

5. I. History • A. _________ (384-322 B.C.) • Greek Philosopher • 1st method of classification • 2 groups: ________ & _________ Aristotle plants animals

6. air land water Aristotle’s System Divided organisms based on

7. I. History • B. _________________ (1707-1778) • Swedish botanist • System we still use _______. • ______________________ (2 word naming system) • Every living organism has a genus name and species name! Carolous Linnaeus today Binomial Nomenclature

8. Kingdoms Viruses Animalia Animalia Currently there are six Kingdoms: By 1938 there were five Kingdoms But there are some things that still don’t fit: In 1866 a third was added: Vegetabilia Animalia Animalia Plantae Plantae Plantae Originally there were only two Kingdoms: Archaebacteria Fungi Fungi Monera Eubacteria Protista Protista Protista

9. Assigning Scientific Names What is the common name of this animal? puma cougar mountain lion panther catamount

10. Assigning Scientific Names What is the SCIENTIFIC name of this animal? Felis concolor

11. it’s an animal! Assigning Scientific Names Common names can be misleading. Sea cucumber sounds like a plant but…

12. but a seaHORSE is! A jellyFISH isn’t a fish, Assigning Scientific Names Common names can be misleading.

13. In the United Kingdom, BUZZARD refers to a hawk In the United States, BUZZARD refers to a vulture. Assigning Scientific Names Common names can be misleading.

14. Why a Scientific Name? Common Name = Confusion 1. May not accurately describe the organism. 2. Different in different regions (not universal). 3. Multiple names given to the same species. 4. Same name used for more than one species

15. The Fundamentals of Binomial Nomenclature • Each organism given a two part scientific name. • The first word is its Genus group • Second word is descriptive and is its species name • Use Latin (or Greek) to compose the names. • Why? Latin is a dead language. • Scientific names are universal (world wide), written in English characters • Scientific names are always italicized or underlined with Genus name capitalized

16. The Fundamentals of Binomial Nomenclature Genus • 1st name = _______________ • Always capitalized species • 2nd name = __________ • Always lower case underlined Both names are ______________ or written in ____________. italics

17. Homo sapien = Human Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

18. Felis domesticus Cat Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

19. Canis familiaris Dog Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

20. Musca domestica House Fly Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

21. Acer rubrum Red Maple Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

22. Taraxacum officionale Dandelion Binomial Nomenclature some examples:

23. Taxonomy • The science of naming organisms and assigning them to groups. • Taxa (Taxon) = • The assigned groups • Linnaeus began grouping by morphology (form and structure)

24. Taxa: series of categories, each one larger than the previous one. • What is the smallest group with the most similarities among members? • species = unique to each kind of organism • And a group of similar species is called? • Genus = group of closely related species

25. GENUS = group of closely related species GENUS = Ursus (Includes many kinds of bears) SPECIES = unique to each kind of bear Ursusarctos Ursusmaritimus Ursusamericanis

26. Continuing with the Taxa • Groups of similar Genus form a: • Family • Felidae = cat family and includes Genus • Panthera, Felis, Acinonyx and other cat Genera

27. Continuing with the Taxa • Several similar Families form an • Order • Carnivora is the Order containing Families: • Felidae, Ursidae, Canidae, etc.

28. Continuing with the Taxa • Orders are grouped into… • Classes • Mammalia formed from orders Carnivora, Primates, Rodentia, etc.

29. Continuing with the Taxa • Many classes are grouped together into • Phyla • Chordata includes the classes Mammalia, Reptilia, Aves & Osteichthyes, etc.

30. Continuing with the Taxa • Many Phyla together form a… • Kingdom • Kingdom Animalia includes Phyla Chordata, Arthropoda, Annelida, Porifera & Echinodermata, etc.

31. IV. Why are living things organized? logic organization • Provides _______ and ______________ • ___________ understanding – useful tool • Important to _________ - discoveries! • New sources of lumber, medicines, energy, etc. Universal economy

32. Putting It In Perspective • The Kingdom is the largest group with the least number of common characteristicsamong its members. • The species is the smallest group with the most number of common characteristics.

33. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia PHYLUM Chordata CLASS Mammalia ORDER Carnivora FAMILY Ursidae GENUS Ursus SPECIES Ursus arctos

34. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species Kyle Please Come Over For Great Spaghetti

35. The Taxa of…?

36. Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus Species Animalia Chordata Mammalia Carnivora Felidae Panthera leo Panthera leo

37. Kingdom- Animalia Phylum-Chordata Class - Reptilia Order - Squamata Family - Agamidae Genus- Pogona Species-vitticeps Pogona vitticeps (Bearded dragon)

38. IV. How are livingthings classified? B. Classified by similarities in: 1. _______________ stages 2. _____________ analysis (DNA) 3. ____________ patterns Developmental Biochemical Behavioral

39. Dichotomous Key • A ___________ ____ is used to identify organisms. • It consists of a series of paired statements or questions that describe dichotomous key

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42. Through the Looking Glass • Earth’s history is like a 24 hour clock: • Earth was formed at 00:01 • Oldest known fossils appeared at about 6:00 am • Oldest nucleated cells appeared between 4 & 5 pm • Oldest complex organisms appeared between 8 & 9 pm • Oldest plants appeared between 9 & 10 pm • Oldest mammals appeared at 11 pm

45. Problems with Traditional Classification • Linnaeus grouped organisms strictly according to ___________ and ___________. • Scientists today try to assign species to a larger group in ways that reflect how closely members of those groups are _______ to each other. similarities differences related

46. Problems with Traditional Classification Problems can arise when species are classified based on easily _________ traits. observed

47. Problems with Traditional Classification

48. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry. _______ ______ between species are often the result of sharing a common ancestor, such as the ancestor shared by dogs and wolves. Similar traits

49. The glyptodon lived more than 10,000 years ago and is the common ancestor to about 20 modern armadillo species. Phylogeny The evolutionary history for a group of species is called a phylogeny. Phylogenies can be shown as branching tree diagrams – kind of like family trees.

50. Fossil Record Information about past life, including the structure of organisms, what they ate, what ate them, in what environment they lived, and the order in which they lived.