Turmoil and Change in Mexico

1. Turmoil and Change in Mexico Ch 12 Section 4

2. Santa Anna • Fought in the Mexican revolt against Spain. • Served as president on four separate occasionsbetween 1833-1855. • Was a powerful caudillo-military dictator. • Was considered a brilliant politician who knew how to control his people. • He would later lead the fight against the U.S. to keep the Texas territory.

3. The Texas Revolt • Many U.S. citizens moved to Texas in the 1820’s with the encouragement of Mexico. • Slavery was practices by many immigrants but was banned in Mexico. • Texas colonists revolted in 1835 led by Stephen Austin. Santa Anna won several Battles but was defeated at The Battle of San Jacinto Where he was captured.

4. The Mexican-American War • Santa Anna was released in exchange for a pledge to free Texas. • When the U.S. annexed Texas in 1845, Santa Anna declared war against the U.S. • The war took two years and the U.S. won and captured nearly 1/3 of the total size of Mexico. Treaty of Hidalgo- ended the war

5. The fate of Santa Anna • After losing to the U.S. he went into exile but returned again in 1853. • Finally he went into exile in 1855 for twenty years before returning a poor, blind and broken man.

6. Benito Juarez, “the reformer” • He ruled from 1861-1872 and passed La Reforma. • This plan would redistribute land to the poor and increase education in Mexico. • He also built railroads, a telegraph system and expanded trade opportunities for Mexico.

7. France invades Mexico • Napoleon III plotted with conservatives to take Mexico and establish a French colony in the America’s. • In 1862, French forces invaded Mexico and captured it within 18 months. • Napoleon put Austrian Archduke Maximilian in power, Juarez escaped. • After five years of French rule, Napoleon seeing the great expense of ruling Mexico, withdrew. Juarez was reelected. serving for five years until dying of a heart attack

8. Porfiro Diaz • Ruled from 1876-1911 as a caudillo • Democracy was seldom seen in Mexico with Diaz. -He promised Mexico “Liberty, order and progress”. -Mexico developed its railroads, banks and currency. -Rich got rich and poor stayed poor. -Political instability would soon arrive.

9. Mexican Revolution • Francisco Madero- An advocate for democracy who called for political reform. • Diaz had Madero arrested after he declared his candidacy for president, he was exiled and then called for a rebellion. • In 1913, he returned to Mexico after Diaz was defeated in the revolution. -He served two years before resigning after being considered too liberal. -He was later assassinated

10. Pancho Villa • A hero to the Mexican population for his role as a Mexican Robin Hood. • He raised an army and help take Diaz out of power in 1911 • Later he led a raid against the U.S. killing 17 Americans in claiming he was trying to retake Mexico’s lost land. (New Mexico and Texas)

11. Pancho Villa • Was pursued heavily by the U.S. but was never caught as he was hidden by Mexican locals. Sound familiar??? -He and Emilano Zapata helped overthrow Mexico’s new president Victoriano Huerta replacing him with Venustianzo Carranza. -Carranza turned against both Villa and Zapata killing Zapata and sending Villa into hiding.

12. Venustiano Carranza • Revised a new Mexican constitution in 1917. • The new constitution specified land reforms, state take over of catholic properties, new labor laws and legal rights for women along with equal pay. • Carranza did not support the final version of the constitution and was overthrown in 1920 by one of his own generals Alvaro Obregon. • Obregon ruled until 1928 when he was assassinated.

13. The PRI • The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)- was formed in 1929. • This party did not tolerate opposition. • The lack of opposition led to a lengthy period of peace and political stability.

14. Mexico • Still in need of economic stability today • Political stability is again in question today