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CHINA IN TURMOIL

CHINA IN TURMOIL. 1911-1927. OBjectives. Understand to what extent the 1911 Revolution brought radical change to Chinese society and politics Understand to what extent the events between 1911 and 1927 served as a prelude to the Chinese Civil war between the Guomintang and the Communists.

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CHINA IN TURMOIL

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  1. CHINA IN TURMOIL • 1911-1927

  2. OBjectives • Understand to what extent the 1911 Revolution brought radical change to Chinese society and politics • Understand to what extent the events between 1911 and 1927 served as a prelude to the Chinese Civil war between the Guomintang and the Communists

  3. SUN YAT SEN • Following the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, Sun Yat Sen claimed the leadership of China • Even though his Nationalist Party (Guomindang) did well in parliamentary elections, Sun recognized the relative weakness of position due to a lack of military powers • This being the case, he turned over power to military strongman Yuan Shikai

  4. SUN SUN YAT SEN

  5. YUAN SHIKAI

  6. TWENTY ONE DEMANDS • In 1915, Japan put demands on Yuan Shikai’s government that basically would have stripped China of a significant degree of its sovereignty • Yuan Shikai’s agreement to most of these demands served to delegitimize his regime

  7. NEW YOUTH • The New Youth, founded in 1915 by Chen Duxui, represented a sentiment among Chinese students that the only way to transform was to completely destroy its traditional ways. This part of the broader NEW CULTURE movement

  8. CHEN DUXUI

  9. MAO ZEDONG

  10. RULE BY WARLORDS • Following the death of Yuan Shikai, political instability in China intensified as warlords increased their control over Chinese society

  11. THE WARLORD ERA

  12. MAY 4 MOVEMENT • As a result of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, Japan was given control of the former German of Shandong • This led to massive student protest throughout China, leading to the May 4 Movement • In some sense, the actions of the leading powers at Versailles discredited western democracy in the eyes of Chinese intellectuals and may have influenced the decision of some intellectuals to support Communism as an alternative

  13. MAY 4 MONUMENT

  14. THREE PRINCIPLES • Following the May 4th Movement, Sun Yat-sen attempted to revive the Guomintang (Nationalist Party), with its center of power in Guangdong Province in the South • He emphasized his Three Principles (nationalism, democracy, and the people’s welfare) as foundational to the new Chinese society • As well, however, he recognized the need for the Guomintang to begin bulding a strong military force

  15. CREATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY • In 1921, with Soviet support through the Comintern, the Chinese Communist Party was created • Chen Duxui was chosen as the first Secretary-General of the Party

  16. THE ROLE OF THE USSR • Although the USSR provided support for the Chinese Communist Party through the Comintern, it also sought to increase its influence within the KMT • It sent advisers, such as Mikhail Borodin and General Blucher, to China to help build the KMT along Soviet-style lines • It also persuaded the CCP to place itself under the umbrella of the KMT

  17. Wampoa Military Academy

  18. Chiang Kai Shek, a favorite of Sun Yat Sen, was put in charge of Whampoa and the training of the Nationalist Party Army • Soviet advisers played an important role in training the new military force; the USSR also provided funding • The CCP’s Zhou Enlai was placed in charge of the political arm (propaganda) of the academy

  19. CHIANG KAI SHEK: THE GENERALISSIMO

  20. ZHOU ENLAI

  21. NORTHERN EXPEDITION

  22. NORTHERN EXPEDITION • Following Sun’s death, Chiang sought to unify China militarily • Through a variety of methods--military victory, alliances with warlords, Communist propaganda in the countryside, final backing from the upper class, and bribery--The KMT achieved a degree of success • Mao was involved with the Peasant Movement Training Institute--a propaganda arm of the KMT in rural areas

  23. DEMISE OF THE GMD-COMMUNIST ALLIANCE • There were ideological divisons within the GMD, with leftist elements being more favorable to Communist cooperation • On the other hand, Chiang Kai Shek grew increasingly suspicious of Communist influence and thus sought to eliminate it

  24. ShaNGHAI MASSACRE • Early in 1927, Communist supporters carried out a number of strikes in Shanghai • With assistance from the Green Gang, a notorious criminal ring in the city, the KMT arrested and killed Communist supporters in Shanghai

  25. CHIANG CONSOLIDATES POWER

  26. NANJING GOVERNMENT • Following the defeat of the Communists in Shanghai, Chiang established a government in Nanjing.

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