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Ch 11

Ch 11. The French Revolution and Napoleon. Chapter 11 Section 1. The French Revolution. Background to the Revolution. 1789 Complex, violent, radical

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Ch 11

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  1. Ch 11 The French Revolution and Napoleon

  2. Chapter 11 Section 1 The French Revolution

  3. Background to the Revolution • 1789 • Complex, violent, radical • It is sometimes said that the American Revolution was a political revolution, but the French Revolution was social and economic as well as political.

  4. Three Estates in French Society 1st – Clergy (owned 10% of land) exempt from taille (chief French tax) upper were clergy and lower were poor priest 2nd – Nobility (owned 25-30% of land) held leading gov’t positions exempt form taille many were against the monarch and were defenders of liberty

  5. 3rd – Commoners (majority) peasants not serfs although still relics of feudalism and buying power went down Merchants, craftsmen, shopkeepers Bourgeoisie (middle class) - about 8% of population and helped lead to revolution, unhappy with privileges given to nobles.

  6. Both aristocrats and members of the middle class were drawn to the political ideas of the Enlightenment. The opposition to these elites to the existing order led to drastic action against the monarchy. • The immediate cause of the French Revolution was the near collapse of the government’s finances. The French economy suffered a series of crises for 50 years, and the number of poor reached as high as 1/3 of the population (absolute squalor)

  7. Problems with the French economy in 1787 and 1788 Lower manufacturing, food shortages, increase prices, unemployment French Government’s response… spend money on war and luxuries and help American Colonies The Estates General -

  8. The French government continued to spend lavishly on wars and court luxuries. The queen, Marie Antoinette, was especially known for her extravagance. The government of Louis XVI was finally forced to call a meeting of the Estates-General, the French parliament, which had not met since 1614. • Comparison of causes of French and American Revolutions • The French Revolution was caused much more by poverty and social inequality than the American Revolution.

  9. Political Ideals • Revolutionaries • “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity” • Bastille attacked in part because it was a symbol of the opposite of these ideals • Royal oppression, unfair treatment under the law • What are some symbolic significance in U.S. • Buildings, art, monuments the represent our political ideals • What do they represent & why important

  10. II. From Estates-General to National Assembly a. Each order of French society had reps in the Estates-General. In order to fix France’s economic situation, most members of the Third Estate wanted to set up a constitutional government that would abolish the tax exemptions of the clergy and the nobility b. The Third Estate was much larger than the other two. It favored a system of each member voting, but the king upheld the traditional voting method of one vote per estate. The Third Estate reacted by calling itself a National Assembly.

  11. Tennis Court Oath. There they swore they would continue to meet until they had finished drafting a constitution. c. The commoners saved the Third Estate from the king’s forces. The commoners stormed and dismantled the Bastille, the royal army and prison in Paris. The king’s authority collapsed. Local revolutions broke out over France against the entire land-holding system.

  12. d. Peasant rebellions took place and became part of the Great Fear, a vast panic that hit France in 1789. Fearing invasion by foreign troops in support of the monarchy, people in the countryside formed militia. Review: Why did the Third Estate favor a system in which each member of the Estates-General could vote? Votes of 1st and 2nd Estate could out vote 3rd.

  13. III. Destruction of the Old Regime A. One of the National Assembly’s first acts was to destroy the relics of feudalism, or aristocratic privileges. In August the assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

  14. Critical Thinking • Compare and contrast the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen with the American Declaration of Independence and the Bill of Rights. • How were they similar? • How did they differ? • Did these documents address the rights of women? • Do you believe the Declaration of the Rights of Man was influenced by the American documents? Why?

  15. B. The question arose of whether “all citizens” included women. Many deputies said it did, as long as women stayed out of politics. Olympe de Gouges would not accept this exclusion of women from political rights, such as the vote. She wrote a Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. The National Assembly ignored her. C. Louis XVI stayed at Versailles and refused to accept laws of National Assembly. Thousands of Parisian women armed with pitchforks, swords, muskets, etc…marched to Versailles.

  16. A delegation of these women met with Louis XVI and told him how their children were starving. They forced him to accept the new decree. D. At the crowd’s insistence, the royal family returned to Paris. As a goodwill gesture, the king brought along flour from the Crown’s storerooms. The royal family was virtually held prisoner in Paris.

  17. E. Since the Church was a pillar of the old order, it too had to be reformed. The National Assembly seized and held the lands of the Church. Bishops and priests were to be elected by the people and paidby the state. Because the French government now controlled the Church, many Catholics became enemies of the revolution.

  18. F. The Assembly adopted its Constitution in 1791, which set up a limited monarchy with a king and a Legislative Assembly with the power to make laws. Only the most affluent members would be elected. Only men over 25 who paid a certain amount in tax could vote.

  19. G. By 1791 the old order was destroyed. Many people-Catholic priests, nobles, and lower classes hurt by the economic hard times – opposed the new order, however. The king tried to flee from France, but he was recognized and returned to France. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in 1791.

  20. H. Other European monarchs, including the rulers of Austria and Prussia, threatened to help Louis XVI. In response, the Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria. France lost the battles with Austria, and distrust began to grip France.

  21. I. Defeats in war and economic shortages led to new political demonstrations. Radicals formed the Paris Commune and organized a mob attack on the royal palace and Legislative Assembly. They captured the king and demanded the end of the monarchy.

  22. J. The French Revolution was about to enter a more radical phase. Power went to the Paris Commune. Many members proudly called themselves the sans-culottes, or ordinary people without fancy clothes. The sans-culottes were made up of working people and the poor, as well as merchants and artisans who were the elite of their neighborhoods.

  23. Homework: Do you believe there were elements of hypocrisy in the French Revolution? What were the causes of revolution? Were these causes corrected? What was the result?

  24. French Revolution

  25. Chapter 11 Section 2 Radical Revolution and Reaction

  26. Bell Ringer • How can terror be used as a force for change or a motivator?

  27. The Move to Radicalism • The Paris Commune and the sans-cullotes sought revenge against those who aided the king and opposed the general will. • Led by Georges Danton • Jean-Paul Marat-- published the radical journal Friend of the People. • argued that the poor had a right to take from the rich whatever they needed, even by violence. • called for mob violence

  28. The Move Towards Radicalism • The National Convention met in 1792= end the monarchy and establish the French Republic. • Disagree over what will happen to Louis XVI = two factions (dissenting groups) • Group 1: Girondins: keep King alive • Group 2: Mountain: radicals; get rid of the king *Both members of the Jacobin club

  29. January 21st, 1793, King Louis XVI is executed!

  30. The Move Towards Radicalism • Domestic Crisis • Many refuse to accept the authority of the commune and the National Assembly. • Foreign Crisis • European powers form a coalition against the revolutionaries in response to the execution of Louis. • Committee of Public Safety and Maximilien Robespierre.

  31. The Reign of Terror • Set in motion by the Committee of Public Safety. • Purpose: to find anyone against the revolution • 40,000 killed • 16,000 by guillotine • Including Marie Antoinette and Olympe de Gouges.

  32. Revolutionary armies were sent to subdue rebellious cities. • Examples: • Lyon--1,880 citizens were executed by guillotine or grapeshot (small iron balls) and much of the city destroyed. • Nantes—revolutionary commander executed his victims by sinking them in barges in the Loire River.

  33. What is a Republic of Virtue • Defined by Robespierre.. • How did this Republic of Virtue affect society? • Pg 340

  34. The Republic of Virtue, a democratic republic of good citizens. • “citizen” and “citizeness” replaced “Mister” and “Madame.” • slavery was abolished in France’s colonies. • Also est. schools to produce good citizens and tried to est. price controls on necessities. Controls failed. • Women remained actively involved in the revolution, however, many men continued to believe women should not participate.

  35. National Convention also had a dechristianization policy—the new order reflected a belief in reason. • The word saint was removed from street names and churches were closed. • Priests encouraged to marry • The cathedral of Notre Dame was rededicated as a “temple of reason.” • new calendar was adopted:years numbered from Sept. 22, 1792. (first day of French Republic, not Christ's birth).

  36. A Nation in Arms • To save the republic from foreign nations, the Committee of Public Safety called a universal mobilizationin 1793. • By Sept. 1794 France had an army of 1,169,000—largest ever seen in European history.

  37. A Nation in Arms • French army pushed the countries invading France back across the Rhine and conquered the Austrian Netherlands.

  38. A Nation in Arms • Creation of modern nationalism. • The French Army was a creation of a people’s government. • Wars became people’s wars.

  39. A Nation in Arms • End of the Terror • 1794= France had defeated its foreign foes. • Robespierre still obsessed with ridding France of its domestic enemies. • People in the National Convention started to fear Robespierre=guillotined on July 28, 1794

  40. The Directory • Now that the terror is over, the National Convention drafts a new constitution. • Est. a legislative assembly with 2 chambers. • 5 directors elected to make up the Directory • Era of corruption from 1795 – 1799, resulting in a coup d’etat, sudden overthrow of government.

  41. A new constitution (1795): • est. a legislative assembly of two chambers 1. lower house: Council of 500 (initiated legislation) • upper house: Council of Elders (which accepted or rejected the proposed laws). >Electors choose the 750 legislators. >Electors had to be owners or renters of property of a certain amount

  42. From a list presented by the Council of 500, the Council of Elders elected five directors to act as the executive committee, or Directory—ruled with the legislature. • The period of the Directory (1795 to 1799) was one of gov’t corruption.

  43. The Directory also faced political enemies: • Royalists who wanted the monarch back • and radicals unhappy with the turn toward moderation.

  44. Connecting History with Literature • A Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times.”

  45. Chapter 11 Section 3 The Age of Napoleon

  46. Bell Ringer • What makes a good leader? • List character traits that are good descriptive words of someone who you think is a good leader.

  47. “I am the Revolution”

  48. Rise of Napoleon • Create a timeline of Napoleon’s rise from a young noble to the Emperor of France.

  49. The Rise of Napoleon • Early Life • Born in 1769 in Corsica, an island in the Mediterranean. • Commissioned in the French army in 1785 after attending a military school.

  50. Rise of Napoleon • Military Successes • Rose quickly in French army • 1792 he became a captain • 1794 Brigadier General at age 24 by Committee of Public Safety • 1796 commander of French army in Italy • 1797—Napoleon returns to France as a conquering hero; he is given command of an army in training to invade Britain

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