Ch. 11

1. Ch. 11 Race & Ethnic Inequality

2. Sociological Perspective The focus is on the social rather the physical aspects of race.

3. Sociological Perspective Helps us to understand : the roots of racial inequality. the reasons why inequalities persist overtime.

4. Groups Classification 1- Minority Group a subordinate group. with significantly less power than the dominant group.

5. Minority Group �Minority� has nothing to do with the size of the group.

6. Minority Groups Membership to a �minority group� can be based on: religion sexual orientation political affiliation age social class gender

7. Importance Economic power determines SES of: - a group - individual within the group

8. Political Power Why is political power important? - power to influence decision making nationwide

9. Minority Groups Basic properties of Minority Groups: Experience unequal treatment. Share physical or cultural characteristics. Membership is involuntary. Have strong sense of solidarity Marry others from the same group.

10. Group Classification 2- Dominant Group A group with the power to: - define itself legally - define society�s values

11. Biological Perspective Race: - a group of people who share similar physical characteristics.

12. Racial Groups in the U.S as of 2000 Whites (including white Hispanics) Blacks/African Americans Native Americans, Alaskan Native Asian Americans

13. Biological Perspective Limited classification. There are no pure races because of: - migration - exploration - invasion

14. Sociological Perspective Race is primarily a social construct. - physical characteristics have social meanings attached to them.

15. Race: a social construct The concept �race� has been used to create and maintain inequality.

16. Race: a social construct Social categories to which people are assigned vary from society to society.

17. Social Construction of race in the US The �one drop rule� The one eight black law Asians with features similar to whites are still considered �yellow�

18. Social Construction of race Race is based in part on: - physical characteristics - but also on historical, cultural and economic factors.

19. Ethnic Group A group with: a common national origin and distinctive cultural patterns.

20. Ethnicity Jews: Religion: Judaism Language: Hebrew Nation of origin: Israel

21. Race vs. Ethnicity Ethnic Groups in the US (2000). Asian Americans: Chinese Filipinos Koreans Vietnamese

22. Race vs. Ethnicity Ethnic Groups in the US (2000). �Hispanics� Mexican Americans Puerto Ricans Cubans Central and South Americans

23. Race vs. Ethnicity Ethnic Groups in the US (2000). Blacks African Americans Jamaican Americans Haitian Americans

24. Race vs. Ethnicity Ethnic Groups in the US (2000). White ancestry: Germans Irish English Italians French Poles Jews

25. Ethnicity Ethnicity is a social construct. The cultural aspects of ethnicity are secondary to its sociological characteristics.

26. Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice is a negative attitude toward: - an entire category of people - often an ethnic or racial minority

27. Prejudice Ethnocentrism: - tendency to assume that one�s culture and way of life are superior to all others.

28. Prejudice Racism: - beliefs that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior.

29. Active Hate Groups Hate Crime: criminal offense committed because of one�s bias against: - race - religion - ethnic group - nation of origin - sexual orientation

30. Prejudice & Discrimination Discrimination: - unequal treatment of people because of they are members of a particular group.

31. Prejudice & Discrimination There are four combinations: - unprejudiced non-discriminator - prejudiced discriminator - prejudiced non-discriminator - unprejudiced discriminator

32. Glass ceiling: Invisible barrier blocking promotion of qualified individuals at the workplace because of: gender, race, or ethnicity.

33. Discrimination Institutional discrimination: - denial of opportunities and equal rights.

34. Institutional Discrimination: Ex To require that English only be spoken at the workplace. Preferential admission policies by colleges. Bank loan to women and other minorities Real estate.

35. Theoretical Perspectives Functionalism Conflict Interactionism

36. 1- Functionalist Perspective Functions of racism: 1- provides moral justification for social inequality. 2- discourages subordinate groups from questioning their status. 3- encourages support for the existing order.

37. Functionalism Dysfunctions of racism. A society that practices discrimination: 1- fails to use the resources of all individuals. 2- aggravates social problems 3- must invest time and money to defend its barriers 4- can affect diplomatic relations between nations.

38. 2- Conflict Perspective Prejudice and discrimination have harmful consequences for society. associated with capitalism.

39. Conflict Exploitation theory. The ultimate goal of racism is to: - keep minorities in low paying jobs - supply the dominant group with cheap labor

40. 3- Interactionist Perspective: Contact Hypothesis Interracial contact can cause people to: - become less prejudiced - abandon old stereotypes. Contact should be: between people of equal status in cooperative circumstances

41. Patterns of Intergroup Relations Relations between racial and ethnic groups can take the form of: - extreme intergroup relations - typical intergroup relations

42. Intergroup Relations Extreme intergroup relations: 1- Genocide 2- Expulsion

43. Extreme Relations Genocide: - the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.

44. Extreme Relations Expulsion: - forced removal of a people from a region or country.

45. Patterns of Intergroup Relations Typical inter-group relations are: 1- amalgamation 2- assimilation 3- segregation 4- pluralism

46. Typical Relations Amalgamation: - when a majority group and a minority group combine to form a new group.

47. Typical Relations Assimilation : - when minority groups conform to the standard of the dominant group.

48. Typical Relations Segregation : - physical separation of two groups of people. Residence Workplace Social events

49. Segregation Apartheid : - restricting the movement of Blacks and other non-Whites through segregation.

50. Typical Relations Pluralism - minority groups participate in the larger culture without prejudice - mutual respect for one another�s cultures.

51. Pluralism Pluralism is the US: - more of an ideal than a reality. - there are limits to cultural freedom.

52. Pluralism Switzerland: modern pluralistic state. - there is no national language - there is not a dominant faith

53. Race & Ethnicity in the US 1- African Americans Largest nonwhite minority. More likely to live in poverty. Contemporary problems rooted in slavery.

54. African Americans: Example Slaves could not by law: - own property - pass on the benefits of their labor to their children.

55. Race & Ethnicity in the US 2- Native Americans Represent a diverse array of culture in terms of: - language - family organization - religion - livelihood

56. Native Americans High suicide rate among teens.

57. Native Americans Steady increase in the population.

58. Race & Ethnicity in the US 3- Asian Americans Include Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese etc... Are often held up as a model or ideal minority group.

59. Race & Ethnicity in the US 4- Hispanic/Latinos Share Spanish language and culture Include Puerto Rican, Cuban, Mexican Americans.

60. Race & Ethnicity in the US 5- Jewish Americans -3% of the population. - high levels of education and professional training. Anti-Semitism: anti-Jewish prejudice.

61. Race & Ethnicity in the US 5- White Ethnics More likely to embrace mainstream culture. Symbolic ethnicity: - emphasis on ethnic foods or political issues.