TAs will be assisting us with this course & will be available to help you at their posted hours

1. IntroductionCHEM 012: Chemical Principles Sections 66-78Fall 2006Instructor: Dr. Arshad KhanOffice: 107 Chemistry Blg Phone: (814) 863-9295Office hours: Weds. 10:30-noon or by appt. Email:kub@psu.edu

2. TAs will be assisting us with this course & will be available to help you at their posted hours Chem Undergrad Office: 210 Whitmore (814) 865-9391 Grades Recitation days: Quiz & Homework Online skill check tests 3 Midterm exams & a final

3. Chapter 1Matter and Measurement Chem 12 Penn State Dr. Arshad Khan

4. States of Matter • Solid • Fixed shape, fixed volume, incompressible, particles are closely spaced and strongly held. • Liquid • No fixed shape, fixed volume, almost incompressible, particles are less strongly held. • Gas • No fixed shape, no fixed volume, compressible, particles are loosely held

5. States of Matter

6. SI Units • Length : Meter (m) • Mass: Kilogram (kg)

7. Prefixes used in Metric System • Giga (G): 109 • Mega (M): 106 • Kilo (K): 103 • Deci (d): 10-1 • Centi (c): 10-2 • Milli (m) : 10-3 • Micro (μ) : 10-6 • Nano (n) : 10-9 • Pico (p) : 10-12 • Femto (f) : 10-15 Note: 1 kg = 103 g 1 km = 103 m

8. Temperature Scales • K = oC + 273.15 • oC = (5/9) (oF – 32) or oF = (9/5) (oC) + 32 (100 div./180 div.) Density Density = Mass (g) / Volume (mL) = g/mL

9. Extensive Propertydepends upon mass • Examples: volume, heat • Intensive Propertydoes not depend upon mass • Examples: Color, Temperature, boiling temperature, etc.

10. Physical & Chemical Changes

11. Physical & Chemical Changes

12. Uncertainty in Measurement • Precision • Reproducible • Accuracy • Correct and Reproducible How are they different? Precision means reproducible & may be correct or incorrect

13. Significant Figures • Left most nonzero digit is the most significant figure (MSF). • When there is a decimal point, the right most digit is the least significant figure (LSF). • The number of digits from the MSF to the LSF is the number of significant figures.

14. 12.3100 MSF LSF (6 significant figures) 1234 = 1 .234 x103 *no decimal point MSF LSF (4 significant figures)

15. 1200 = 1.2 x 103 (2 significant figures) 1.20 x 103 (3 significant figures) 1.200 x 103 (4 significant figures) 0.00520 = 5.20 x 10-3 (3 significant figures) Exact Numbers 12 inches = 1 foot 12.000000… (∞ significant figures)

16. Rules of Multiplication & Division • Go by minimum number of significant figures 1.0 x 5.3642 = 5.3642 2 sig.5 sig.Drop and round off fig. fig. = 5.4 • Round off rule • When dropping a digit greater than 5, add 1 to the preceeding digit. • When dropping a digit equal to 5, add 1 for odd preceeding digit; otherwise, do not add.

17. Rule of Addition & Subtraction • Go by minimum number of decimal places (dp). 0.1 + 22.32 = 22.42 1 dp 2 dp drop = 22.4 Dimensional Analysis Problems