Key Terms – Fight for Democracy and Freedom

1. Alexander II Zemstvos Imperialism Crimean War Pan-Slavism Pogroms Key Terms – Fight for Democracy and Freedom • Constitutional Charter of 1814 • Charles X • July Ordinances • Louis Philippe • Second Republic • Louis Napoleon • Frederick William IV • Reform Bill of 1832

2. The Revolutions of 1830 • Louis XVIII attempted to win favor with the French by maintaining many of the rights they had fought for during the Revolution. • Launched the Constitutional Charter of 1814 → granted freedom of the press and parliamentary representation

3. Charles X • Upon the death of Louis XVIII, his brother Charles X would take over. • Charles X believed in absolute monarchy and attempted to restore it. • Restricted freedom of the press, demanded reparations to nobles for lost land.

4. The July Ordinances • To consolidate his power, Charles X and his ministers launched the July Ordinances • July Ordinances → dismissed the legally elected lawmaking body, disenfranchised many French citizens.

5. Revolution of 1830 • French would revolt against Charles X. • Would barricade the streets and fight the king's soldiers. • Government collapsed in three days and Charles abdicated. • Louis Philippe would become the new king

6. Louis Philippe • Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, would be made the new king of France. • He would construct a constitution that limited the king's power and gave the vote to more of the middle class.

7. Revolutions of 1848 • Poor economic standing and corruption led to another revolution in France. • The lack of enfranchisement of most of the middle class served as the key reason to depose Louis Philippe. • When riots broke out after a broken protest, Louis Philippe abdicated.

8. The Second Republic • Upon the abdication of Louis Philippe, the Second Republic would take over control of France. • The Second Republic set up a new constitution that involved an elected president and a legislature. • Louis Napoleon would become the first president of France.

9. Louis Napoleon/Emperor Napoleon III • Louis Napoleon would be president for a short time until he led a coup d'etat to establish himself as emperor of France. • Emperor Napoleon III would establish the Second Empire. • Would be known for his aggressive policies and establishment of overseas landholdings.

10. Revolutions Among the Empires • Revolutionaries attempted to acquire more rights under a unified Germany. • Sought to unify the Confederation of the Rhine. • Frederick William IV → ruler of Prussia who refused unification; believed that if he were elected he would not have absolute power.

11. Austria and Italy • Conservatives prevented the attempt by revolutionaries to establish republics in Austria and Italy. • Rights were given to peasants as a means of preventing future revolution.

12. Changes in Britain • Compromises in Britain prevented revolt and led to massive changes within the British government. • The first was the Reform Bill of 1832, it lowered the property requirements for voting which doubled the amount of voters in Britain. • Other reforms would lower the requirements even further, ensuring change without issue. • The abolition of the slave trade occurred in 1833 after it was deemed sinful.

13. Alexander II • Alexander II → czar in Russia who managed to free the serfs. • Would allow for more tax paying citizens but would bring hardship to the newly freed. • Villages had to pay the taxes of the serfs meaning they did not really own their land.

14. Other Reforms by Alexander II • Created local government bodies known as the zemstvos. • Elected bodies • Managed education, health and welfare in their area • Held little power due to most of the power lying within the wealthy landowners • Created trial by jury in Russia, reducing the power of the czar. • Alexander II would be assassinated by radicals who felt that his reforms were inadequate.

15. Russian Expansion • Nationalistic feelings in Russia were embodied in their want to acquire territories they could control or to become imperialistic. • Imperialism → control by one country of another nation, directly or indirectly • Russia would acquire territories near the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia from the Muslims and Chinese respectively.

16. Crimean War • Russia sought to acquire the straits of the Bosporus and Dardanelles near Constantinople. • Claimed they wanted to protect Eastern Orthodox Christians within the Turkish Empire → when this was refused, Russia would occupy the Crimean peninsula.

17. Crimean War (cont.) • Britain and France did not want the Russians to acquire this important territory and sent troops to block the Russian acquisition. • The lack of supplies, railroads, and reinforcements led to Russia losing the war and signing the Treaty of Paris in 1856. • Russia would lose any territory it took form the Ottoman Empire.

18. Pan-Slavism • Russians claimed via nationalism, that they had the right to protect any Slavic peoples from other nations and invading forces. • Support of Slavic unity was known as Pan-Slavism. • Russians used this as an imperialistic move since they felt they could control any Slavic territories since they were protecting them. • Russia would acquire Bulgaria through this but would relinquish it through treaties with the other nations.

19. Discrimination • Russians attempted to Russify those individuals within Slavic territories. • They would ban the use of native languages and customs as a means of unifying the territories. • They would also launch discriminatory laws against the Jews. • Pogroms → violent attacks against Jews • Russia all but sanctioned the pogroms that occurred in their territories.