Status of plant protection activities in Nepal

1. Status of plant protection activities in Nepal Yubak Dhoj G. C., PhD Plant Protection Directorate Department of Agriculture Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives Nepal Tel: ++ 977 9841 097 986 yubakgc@yahoo.com www.ppdnepal.gov.np Capacity building in use of the International Phytosanitary Portal (IPP) and APPPC website for information exchange 4-9 July 2011 Sangria-La Hotel Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2. Mount Everest

3. Nepal: Sovereign, landlocked, mountainous South Asian country • Rich in biodiversity and water resources. • Land area of 147,181 Km. • Located between • North latitude: 26022' to 30027 • East longitude: 800 4' to 88012'. • Population : 27.5 million; Population growth rate: 2.25% • 80 percent of economically active labor force • 65.6 percent of the total population depends on agriculture • Contribution of agriculture to GDP: 32.8% percent Country at a glance

4. Country : Nepal Sandwiched between two giant countries of the world: the China (Northern side) and India (in rest of the side) Agriculture: Major occupation, GDP contribution (more than 42%) IPM Programme active since : 1997 Estimated number of farmers trained : 69207 (60% Female) Estimated number of trainers currently active : 1014 (IPM Programme 907 - I/NGO 107) Main Crop involved : Rice, Vegetable, Potato, Tea and Citrus.

5. Machhapuchre Himal

6. Annapurna Himal

7. National Flower

9. Map of Nepal

10. Organisation Chart

11. Agricultural situation in Nepal

12. Pesticide use situation • 3 pesticide formulators, 50 pesticide dealers, 4000 licensed pesticide retailer in the country • Mainly organophosphate, carbamates, synthetic pyrethroides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, botanical pesticides, bio- pesticides and pesticide used in public health. • Pesticides not extensively used in Nepal. • An average 142g/ha. of pesticides. However, in cotton (2560 g/ha), tea (2100g/ha) and vegetables (1400g/ha) appears excessive and without the consideration of applicators (farmers) and consumers. • On the basis of a.i.: 212 ton • Worth of: 207.69 million NRs (2.95 million US $) • Insecticides (botanicals and public health): 29.82 % • Fungicides: 61.12 % • Herbicide 7.43 %, • Rodeticides: 1.17 % • Bio-pesticides: 0.67 % • 0.2 % others (Bactericides, Acaricides, Nematicides and rest).

13. Pesticide import and formulation (2009)

14. Pesticide imported and formulated data

15. Pesticide registration data • Trade products: 470 • Technical names: 88 • Insecticides: 44 • Fungicides: 24 • Herbicides: 12 • Rodenticide -3 • Bio- pesticides: 4 • Bacteriacide - 1

16. Types of pesticide use in Nepal • AIC stopped purchase: 1995 then 6372 retailers registered • Almost 289 different types of pesticides-registered • Insecticides (173), fungicides (62), herbicides (24), rodenticides (9), botanicals (13) others (13) • Insecticides (60%), fungicides (30%) others (10%) • Organophosphates (29% in 2007 and 82% in 2003) • Biopesticides (less than 0.1%), botanicals (0.01%), bactericides and acaricides (less than 1%) • Highest use: tea, cotton, vegetables (brinjal, tomato, legumes), rice,

17. Summary of date expired pesticides accumulated in Nepal

18. Pesticide policy for the enforcement of pesticide act • Pesticide act (1991) and pesticide rules (1993) effective since 16 July 1994 • Pesticides are registered and regulated under the pesticide act and rules • Act regulates the imports, production, sale, distribution, marketing and use of pesticides for management and preventing pesticide risk • Under the pesticide act 1991, a Pesticides Board is functional comprising various Ministries, pesticide association, scientists and consumers group • Major tasks: implementation of national and international rules and regulations

19. Pesticide under WHO classification

20. Banned pesticide Phorate and Methomyl are in the process of banning Methyl bromide: 2015 for strictly for quarantine purpose Stock of obsolete pesticide Obsolete pesticide is 74.265 mt + 43 cylinder of methyl bromide (50 kg) stored in warehouse at 24 locations of the country

21. Table 1. Trends and value of pesticide import

22. Pesticides Board/Committee Mandated to: • Advise Nepal government in the formulation of national policy regarding pesticide, • Maintain coordination between private and government sectors in the production and distribution of pesticides, • Rational encouragement of the private sectors to invest in the industry, • Regulate or control the quality of produce by the industry operated by private/government sectors, and • Establish standard for pesticide • Under the board, 2 sub- committee: • Technical sub- committee (with 7 member) • Legal sub- committee (with 3 member)

23. The Pesticide Registration and Management Division • Established in 1994 under the act • To operate the pesticide registration and management activities. Duties of PRMD: • Register pesticides and issue certificate upon receiving application • Ascertain the criteria for rational and appropriate use of pesticides

24. Pesticide Registration Pesticide registration procedures • Registration is required for each formulation and even brand of a single technical compound. • The pesticides are registered in the name of Trade Product for 5 years with or with out provision/ condition. • Application form for registration of pesticides with NRs.5 ticket. • Pesticide registration fee RS. 1000/- • Letter of Authorization from the Manufacture/Formulator Company. • A statement of the need to use in Nepal • Summary of intended use pattern • Ecotoxicological data • Efficacy data • Residue analysis data • Copies of at least one foreign registration certificate (evidence that the product is registered overseas) • Three copies of the original label • Approved labels • Leaflets in Nepali language - for importers • Labels and leaflets in Nepali Language - for domestic formulators. • For research no attachments are necessary

25. Licensing Mechanism • The licensing controls from un-authorized handling • Implemented under Pesticide Act 1991 and Pesticide Rule 1993(1st amendment in 2006). • formulators, distributors, sellers or users shall obtain a license from the Pesticide Board • No person may manufacture, import, supply or retail the registered Pesticides unless he/she in possession of a valid license Government Policy & Legislation • The national conservation strategy (1998) • Nepal Environment Policy and Action Plan (NEPAP) endorsed in 1993 • The National Environmental Guideline (1993) • The Environment Protection Act (EPA) 1996 • Pesticide Act, 1991 and Regulation 1993 with 1st amendment in 2006

26. Steps towards the reduced use of chemical pesticides • Promotion of user and environment friendly formulation of pesticides • Adoption of IPM approach in the pest management • Promotion of bio-pesticides and botanical pesticides • Banning of pesticides (such as extremely hazardous group, POPs pesticides, and PIC listed pesticides) • Proper disposal of obsolete pesticides accumulated in the country

27. Policy level issues • Inadequate legal and regulatory frames work • Inadequate guidelines and formal policy • Ineffective control and monitoring mechanism • Inefficient transfer of technology and poor information dissemination • Transboundary issues due to the long, open and porous border with India • Lack of government laboratory facilities for residue and toxicological analysis • Dealers/retailers take up intensive and aggressive marketing strategies • Lack of biorational and biopesticides as alternatives for pest control to chemical pesticides • conventional and expensive formulations methods • Lack of awareness about pesticide dose, method of use, waiting period, pesticide hazards to mankind and environment etc. • Farmer's addiction to chemical pesticide use

28. National IPM Program and outcomes

29. First phase of IPM Began: 2003: In support of Gov of Norway Outcomes: Trained human resources (technicians and farmers) Support to program initiatives Created awareness among farmers, principles and method of IPM IPM based on field studies, crop productivity (rice and vegetables) Institutionalization and mainstreaming of IPM to regular program of Government, NGos The first phase has forged the roadmap to second phase of IPM

30. Second phase of IPM Began: January 2008 – Dec 2012 in support of Gov of Norway Objectives: consolidatation, intensification and institutionalization of the outcomes of first phase of IPM, Up scale IPM to all 75 districts Theme is not just about pest control Holistic and sustainable management production management Food security, reduce poverty and safe gourd environment Major focus: Developing and spreading successful IPM technologies Increase agriculture production, promote marketing to IPM crop products Far beyond the class room of the institutions and researches

31. Achievements of IPM Programme • Farmers trained : 72957 (60% Female) • Trainers currently active : 1149 IPM Programme (1042 - I/NGO 107) • Farmer Field School (FFS) implemented : 1010 • FFS in Rice in Rice : 661 • FFS in Vegetable : 649 • Good understanding among farmers on ecology based crop production. Some Impacts of IPM Programme • Reduction in pesticide use by 40% in FFS areas. • Increase in crop yield from 15 – 25% in rice and 32-48% in vegetable as compared to farmers’ adopted practice. • Gradual increase in bio and botanical pesticides.

32. Gender Mainstreaming Male and Female participation in rice FFS

33. Male and Female participation in vegetable FFS

34. Social Inclusion

35. Other Visible Impacts Ecosystem Understanding Reduction in use of Hazardous pesticide: Use ofpesticides reduced by 40% in all most all program areas. The number of non-users increased and the type and frequency of pesticide application by users reduced after FFS. Desirable behavioral changes observed in the farmers attitude towards calendar spraying. Trend of using botanical pesticides based on local plant resources increased significantly. Health and Environment : Over 80% of the IPM farmers agreed to a better health condition and think that their doctor visit and medicine cost reduced. Around 85% of the farmers who participated in FFS felt changes in the environment, i.e. eco-friendly pest management made possible beekeeping, rice field fishery. Food Security - Average income of the farmers improved in program areas due to increase in yield following IPM practice. In the FFS areas 15-25% yield increase was recorded in rice and 32.7-48.3% in vegetables.

36. Awareness and Peace building -Exposure of politicians or officials to FFS in action or to alumni group activities has created a keen interest in IPM-FFS activities. In particular, it was noted that the FFS were able to bring together different social groups and political orientations in a common programme. This aspect of IPM-FFS is highly relevant and appreciated in the social and political context of Nepal. Linkage, Coordination and Collaboration - Farmers and local government have shown higher enthusiasm in IPM program. Involvement of NGO/INGO ( such as World Education, CARITAS, MADE/Nepal, WINROCK International, Helvetas/Nepal) increased significantly over the years. IPM Coordination activities are regularized in the regular activities of Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives and funding for FFS from local recourses has also been increased.

37. Government commitment • Nepal signatory country of International Conventions related to pesticide • Stockholm Convention, • Basel Convention, • Rotterdam Convention • Montreal Protocol (MOEST 2008) • As a commitment and an obligation to these global treaties Government of Nepal has banned an import and use of POPs • DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, toxaphene, mirex). Recently GON banned some other pesticides as methyl parthion and monocrotophos that are under extremely hazardous (Ia) and highly hazardous (Ib) WHO/FAO toxicity category. • Highly hazardous pesticides such as phorate (Ia), acephate (Ib), dichlorvos (Ib), methomyl (Ib), triazophos (Ib), zinc phosphide (Ib) and endosulfan (IIa) of the organochlorine group are still in use. • However, GON has restricted the use of ethion, methomyl and phorate in tea plantation (PRMD 2004) that will facilitate the import of tea in EU countries.

38. Issues, challenges and area of improvement Pesticide misuse; • Unnecessary use • Improper selection • Highly toxic/broad spectrum pesticide • Overdose and frequency • For killing fishes • Storing along with food grains and stuffs • Dipping of vegetables • No care of waiting periods • Throwing of empty container • Use of date expired pesticides

39. Issues, challenges and area of improvement • Treatment of pesticide like medicine • Residue problem • Illegal trans boundary movement • Low public awareness • Adulterated products • Disposal of obsolete pesticides • Alternatives to pesticides • Cumbersome process of bio pesticides registration • No institutions to certify IPM products • Weak regulatory and poor monitoring system • Poor coordination among stakeholders • Low enforcement of Act and Pesticide Regulations • Lack of experts in pesticide toxicology

40. About 75 metric tones of obsolete pesticides stored in different places are awaiting for disposal. • Nepal appreciates technical support from APPPC and other Regional International agencies for strengthening its capacity in plant protection services.

41. Problems associated with pesticides • Environment pollution Air pollution Water pollution Soil pollution • On public health • On wildlife and fishes • On natural enemies • Residues problem • Pest resistance problem • Pest resurgence (pest flair-back) • Secondary pest outbreaks • Incidental loss (deliberately intake)

42. Future strategies of Directorate • Pesticide monitoring system while import, formulation, storage, sale and disposal • Deregistering of highly toxic pesticides (extremely hazardous) IA and IB of WHO classification • Promotion of Bio-pesticides/Bio-control agents • Promotion of IPM and other alternative pest management strategies • Establishment of central, regional as well as community level laboratories for quality, residue and toxicology analysis • Capacity building of pesticide importers, resellers and farmers • Promotion of environment friendly formulation • Strategies for first in first out policy (minimise pesticide being as obsolete) • Disposal of the obsolete pesticides

43. Awareness program • Hording boards, Pamphlets, TV, Radio/FM • Street drama, Study materials (Leaflets, Posters, CDs) • Trainings (farmers, medium level technicians, officer level) • Workshop, seminars, talk program • Curriculum amendments • Natural enemies and biorearing • Observation visits • Exposure tours, Mobile plant clinic, Occasional campaign • Establishment of central laboratories at PPD • National pesticide residue monitoring lab (PMRS) • Monitoring of pesticides and pesticides on plant samples • Food residue monitoring (may be through DFTQC) • Strengthening of RPPLs • Capacity building (Chromatography)