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France: 1791-1795. Legislative Assembly National Convention Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction. Why didn’t the French Revolution end with the creation of a new Constitution and Government in 1791?. What factors prevented the resolution of the revolutionary fervor?.
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France: 1791-1795 Legislative Assembly National Convention Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction
Why didn’t the French Revolution end with the creation of a new Constitution and Government in 1791? What factors prevented the resolution of the revolutionary fervor?
Why?: International Phase • Emigres abroad • Girondins (party of international revolution) • Marquis de Condorcet • Declare war on Austria April 1792 Expansion (Avignon, German lands) • Treaty of Pillnitz (Prussian allies with Austria) • Conservatism – Edmund Burke • Reflections on the Revolution in France
The Political Spectrum TODAY: 1790s: The Plain(swing votes) Montagnards(“The Mountain”) Girondists Monarchíen(Royalists) Jacobins Source: Susan Pojer HGHS
The Jacobins Robespierre Sans-Culottes: Parisian Working class
Paris Commune – Aug 1792 • Revolutionary municipal government • Demanded greater democracy • September Massacres (prompted by propaganda) • Worsening economic conditions fueled civil unrest • Losses on the battlefield (Brunswick Manifesto- July 1792) stirred patriotic excitement
The National Convention: 1792-1794 Girondin Rule Jacobin Rule Reign of Terror Thermidorian Reaction The Directory 1795-1799 The Radical “Second” French Revolution: Overview
What sparked the radical turn of the French Revolution in 1792?
The Assassination of Maratby Charlotte Corday Paul JacquesAimeeBaudry, 19c
National Convention 1792-1795
January 1793 Marie Executed in October 1793 Executed the King and Queen
New Government, Again! • New Constitution • National Convention • “real” democratic reforms • Universal male suffrage, abolition of slavery, end of all manorial policies (as liberal as it will become!) • Military Success (Levee in Masse) • Differing views intenstify
Maximillian Robespierre(1758 – 1794) The Incorruptible? To punish the oppressors of humanity is clemency; to forgive them is barbarity.” — Maximilien Robespierre, 1794
Reign of Terror: 9.1793 - 7.1794 Committee of Public Safety (12 members) • Revolutionary Courts • Guillotine • De-Christianization (New Calendar) • Law of General Maximum: Economic Controls • Law of Suspects: restrictions liberties (speech, press, assembly) Gave republicanism a bad name!
The Reign of Terror “Let terror be the order of the day!” “The government in a revolution is the despotism of liberty against tyranny. “ • Estimates have … • 16,594 executed by guillotine (2,639 in Paris), • another 25,000 in summary executions across France.
Different Social Classes Executed 7% 8% 28% 25% 31%
Thermidorian Reaction • July 1794 • Executed Robespierre and 83 associates • Began the reversal radical democratic policies (universal male suffrage, abolition of slavery) • Established the Directory in October 1795 Enter Napoleon…