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1790-1791

1790-1791. The French Revolution Patricia L. Pecoy. 1790-1792. The Festival of Fédération (July 14, 1790) The King Takes Flight (June 20, 1791) The Massacre at the Champs-de-Mars (July 17, 1791) The First Constitution. The Festival of Unity.

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1790-1791

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  1. 1790-1791 The French Revolution Patricia L. Pecoy

  2. 1790-1792 • The Festival of Fédération (July 14, 1790) • The King Takes Flight (June 20, 1791) • The Massacre at the Champs-de-Mars (July 17, 1791) • The First Constitution

  3. The Festival of Unity • From Sept. 1789 on, enthusiasm takes hold throughout the kingdom • The wish for unity is widespread • The French people feel united in a common cause • The deputies of the Constituant Assembly want to commemorate this unity by a grand national celebration

  4. The Festival of Unity • On June 5, 1790, Bailly (President of the Assembly) proposes to organize the Festival of Unity for the entire nation • The Ceremony is to take place on the Champ-de-Mars (a large grassy area in the center of Paris)

  5. The Champ-de-Mars

  6. The Festival of Unity • A large arch of triumph 25 meters high was built at one end • At the other end, there was a large platform for the royal party, including the king • At the center of the esplanade was an altar to the nation

  7. The Festival of Unity • On July 14, 1790 (the anniversary of the fall of the Bastille), a crowd of over 200,000 patriots gathered on the Champ-de-Mars • The royal family was seated on the platform • Talleyrand presided over the mass that was celebrated at the altar

  8. The Festival of Unity • The king swears to uphold the new constitution • The crowd cheers, and the king appears to have been reconciled with his subjects • That evening, a grand celebration takes place at the Place de la Bastille • One year after its beginning, the revolution appears to be over

  9. The Flight to Varennes • Threats: • The church • The emigrés • The nobles

  10. The Flight to Varennes Threat: The church • The king is still quite popular in 1790 • But he is shocked by the reform of the Catholic Church • In March and April of 1791, the Pope condemns the Civil Constitution of the Clergy • In fact, the Church of Rome condemns the Revolution • In May, there is a diplomatic rupture between France and Rome; the King is beside himself

  11. The Flight to Varennes Threat: The Emigrés • The emigrants, who have fled to foreign countries, continue to demand an armed intervention on behalf of the king • The German princes who hold territory in Alsace refuse to accept the abolition of noble privileges • The king hopes that foreign troops will intervene to re-establish order (monarchical order, of course) • Discreetly, he sends emissaries to negotiate with foreign powers and writes letters asking for their help

  12. The Flight to Varennes Threat: The Nobles • In France, the nobles are becoming more and more fearful • The condemnation of the Revolution by the Pope bolsters their courage • They are worried about the future and the safety of the king • Louis XVI begins to think about fleeing from Paris

  13. The Flight to Varennes • During the night of June 20-21, 1791, the royal family secretly escapes from the Tuileries • The king is disguised as a servant\ • The Queen is disguised as a German noblewoman • Louis XVI is trying to get to Metz where his army is still faithful to him

  14. The Flight to Varennes • On the morning of June 21, 1791, the escape is discovered • At Varennes, the king is recognized • The Royal Family is stopped and arrested in Varennes and brought back to Paris

  15. The Flight to Varennes

  16. The Flight to Varennes • On June 25, the king and his family regain the capitol; they are imprisoned once more in the Tuileries under much more severe supervision • The National Assembly withdraws his functions; he ceases to be king • For most Frenchmen, the king is a traitor; he has definitively lost the confidence of the nation

  17. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • The king is now a prisoner at the Tuileries; he no longer reigns • The National Assembly is now the governing power • The desire to form a republic gains strength • France splits in two: monarchists vs. republicans

  18. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • On the one hand, the majority of the deputies want to put into effect the new constitution that they have just written • They need the king • For them, the Revolution is over • They want a return to calm and the rule of law • These were the Constitutionalists

  19. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • On the other hand, patriots demand: • The condemnation of the king • The proclamation of the Republic • Further reforms

  20. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • However, the Constituant Assembly declares Louis XVI not guilty • The deputies claim that he was kidnapped and they return his power to him • In so doing, the deputies hope to avoid the possibility of foreign intervention

  21. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • The rehabilitation of the king on July 15, 1791 was unexpected • It provokes violent reactions; Parisians are scandalized • On July 17, a group of citizens goes to the Champs-de-Mars to place a petition on the altar demanding the trial of the king

  22. The Massacre at the Champ-de-Mars • The National Guard disperses the crowd in a particularly brutal manner • It is a true massacre; more than 50 patriots lose their lives that day

  23. The First Constitution • Separation of powers • The Legislative assembly has the legislative power • The king holds the executive power • The Judicial power is impendent • The powers of the king are significant, but limited

  24. The First Constitution • The king must swear an oath of allegiance to the nation and to the Constitution • He has the right to choose his own ministers • The ministers are directly responsible to the king • The king also has the right of veto; he can enact or suspend (by veto) the decrees voted by the Legislative Assembly

  25. The First Constitution • The definitive text of the constitution is presented to the king at the beginning of September, 1791. • On Sept. 13, the king accepts the constitution; he has no other choice • On Sept. 14, he appears in the Assembly to take the oath of allegiance to the constitution • The deputies greet him coldly; they remain seated with their hats on their heads • The final session of the Constitutant Assembly takes place on Sept. 30, 1791, in the presence of the king

  26. Louis accepts the Consti-tution

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