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Blood

Blood. Anatomy & Physiology. Blood-general. The ONLY fluid tissue in the human body Classified as a “connective tissue” Components of blood Living cells Formed elements Non-living matrix Plasma. Blood-general. If blood is centrifuged (Spun rapidly)

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Blood

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  1. Blood Anatomy & Physiology

  2. Blood-general • The ONLY fluid tissue in the human body • Classified as a “connective tissue” • Components of blood • Living cells • Formed elements • Non-living matrix • Plasma

  3. Blood-general • If blood is centrifuged (Spun rapidly) • Erythrocytes sink to the bottom (45% of blood, a percentage known as the hematocrit) • Buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1% of blood) • Buffy coat is a thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma • Plasma rises to the top (55% of blood)

  4. Physical Characteristics of Blood • Color: • Bright red means blood is rich in oxygen • Dull red means its poor in oxygen • Temperature: • 100.4 degrees Farenheiht • Contribution to body weight? • 8% of our BW

  5. Blood plasma • Comprised of 90% water • Liquid portion of blood • Components: • Nutrients • Salts (electrolytes) • Respiratory gases • Hormones • Plasma proteins • Waste products • Composition varies depending on what the body needs and diet • Used as a medium to transport materials throughout the body

  6. Blood plasma • Plasma proteins • Most abundant solutes in plasma • Most plasma proteins are made by liver • Various plasma proteins include • Albumin—regulates osmotic pressure • Clotting proteins—help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured • Antibodies—help protect the body from pathogens

  7. Blood plasma • Acidosis • Blood becomes too acidic • Alkalosis • Blood becomes too basic • In each scenario, the respiratory system and kidneys help restore blood pH to normal

  8. Characteristics of Formed Elements of the Blood

  9. Erythrocytes • A.K.A. (red blood cells or RBCs) • Main function is to carry oxygen • Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes • Biconcave disks • Essentially bags of hemoglobin (carry oxygen) • Anucleate (no nucleus) • Contain very few organelles • RBCs outnumber WBC 1000-1!!!

  10. Hemoglobin • Iron-containing protein in RBCs • Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen • Each hemoglobin molecule has four oxygen binding sites • ATP through anaerobic glycolysis Sickle Cell Anemia

  11. Homeostatic imbalance of RBCs • Anemia is a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood • Sickle cell anemia (SCA) results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin • Polycythemia is an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes • Caused by: Bone marrow cancer And living in high altitudes • Anemia

  12. Leukocytes • A.K.A. “White Blood Cells” WBCs • Crucial in the body’s defense against disease • The only complete cells in blood, with a nucleus and organelles • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis) • Can move by ameboid motion • Cytoplasm extensions move them across • Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

  13. Leukocytes Homeostatic imbalance • Leukocytosis: Abnormal numbers of leukocytes • WBC count above 11,000 leukocytes/mm3 • Generally indicates an infection • Leukopenia:Abnormally low leukocyte level • Commonly caused by certain drugs such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents • Leukemia • Bone marrow becomes cancerous, turns out excess WBC

  14. Types of leukocytes • Types of leukocytes • Granulocytes • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils • Agranulocytes (-a; meaning without) • Lack visible cytoplasmic granules • Include lymphocytes and monocytes

  15. Types of leukocytes • List of the WBCs from most to least abundant • Neutrophils • Lymphocytes • Monocytes • Eosinophils • Basophils • Easy way to remember this list • Never • Let • Monkeys • Eat • Bananas

  16. Hemocytoblaststem cells Lymphoidstem cells Myeloidstem cells Secondary stem cells Basophils Erythrocytes Platelets Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils

  17. Leukocytes-granulocytes • Types of granulocytes • Neutrophils • Multilobed nucleus with fine granules • Act as phagocytes at active sites of ACUTE infections, mainly bacteria and fungi • Eosinophils • Large brick-red cytoplasmic granules • Found in response to allergies and infections from parasitic worms • Basophils • Have histamine-containing granules • Initiate inflammation by thinning blood vessels so other WBCs can penetrate to needed site easily

  18. Leukocytes-Agranulocytes • Lymphocytes • Nucleus fills most of the cell • Play an important role in the immune response • 2nd most common leukocyte • Monocytes • Largest of the white blood cells • Function as macrophages • Fight chronic infection

  19. Hematopoiesis • Means, RBC formation • Occurs in red bone marrow • Wear out in 100 to 120 days • When worn out, RBCs are eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver • Lost cells are replaced by division of hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow • Rate is controlled by a hormone (erythropoietin) • Kidneys produce most erythropoietin as a response to reduced oxygen levels in the blood • Homeostasis is maintained by negative feedback from blood oxygen levels

  20. Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets • Controlled by hormones • Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes • Thrombopoietin stimulates production of platelets • WBC growth occurs in red bone marrow • If there is a decrease in WBC they will take a sample of red bone marrow for further evaluation

  21. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Large losses of blood have serious consequences • Loss of 15–30% causes weakness • Loss of over 30% causes shock, which can be fatal • Transfusions are the only way to replace blood quickly • Transfused blood must be of the same blood group

  22. Human Blood Groups • Blood contains genetically determined proteins • Antigens (a substance the body recognizes as foreign) may be attacked by the immune system • Antibodies are the “recognizers” • Blood is “typed” by using antibodies that will cause blood with certain proteins to clump (agglutination)

  23. ABO Blood Groups • Based on the presence or absence of two antigens • Type A • Type B • The lack of these antigens is called type O • The presence of both antigens A and B is called type AB • The presence of antigen A is called type A • The presence of antigen B is called type B • The lack of both antigens A and B is called type O

  24. ABO Blood Groups • Blood type AB can receive A, B, AB, and O blood • Universal recipient • Blood type B can receive B and O blood • Blood type A can receive A and O blood • Blood type O can receive O blood • Universal donor

  25. Rh Blood Groups • Named because of the presence or absence of one of eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) • Most Americans are Rh+ (Rh positive) • Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood into a body with Rh– (Rh negative) blood

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