1 / 12

Gender Role Development

Gender Role Development. Introduction Categorizing males and females Sex-role standards or stereotypes Cross-cultural trends Facts and fictions about sex differences Sex differences that appear to be real Cultural myths Developmental trends in sex typing Development of Gender Identity

dee
Download Presentation

Gender Role Development

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Gender Role Development • Introduction • Categorizing males and females • Sex-role standards or stereotypes • Cross-cultural trends • Facts and fictions about sex differences • Sex differences that appear to be real • Cultural myths • Developmental trends in sex typing • Development of Gender Identity • Discrimination of male versus female • Development of gender constancy • Acquiring Gender-role Stereotypes • Development of Gender-typed Behavior • Theories of sex-typing and gender role development • The biological approach • The psychoanalytic approach • Social learning theory • Direct tuition • Observational learning • Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory • Martin & Halverson’s gender schema theory

  2. Categorizing Males and Females • Sex-role or gender-role standards: • A value, motive, or class of behavior that is considered more appropriate for members of one gender than the other • Girls and the expressive role • Boys and the instrumental role

  3. Gender Typing in Non-Industrialized Societies Sex differences in the socialization of five attributes in 110 non-industrialized societies Percent of societies in which socialization pressures were greater for: Attribute Boys Girls Nuturance 0 82 Obediance 3 35 Responsibility 11 61 Achievement 87 3 Self-Reliance 85 0 Source: Barry, Bacon, & Child (1957)

  4. Facts and Fictions About Gender Differences • Actual differences between the genders • Verbal ability: Girls have greater verbal abilities than boys • Visual/Spatial ability: Boys outperform girls in visual/spatial tasks

  5. Gender Differences in Visual-Spatial Ability Mental rotation and Water Level tasks:

  6. Facts and Fictions About Gender Differences, con’t • Actual differences between the genders • Verbal ability: Girls have greater verbal abilities than boys • Visual/Spatial ability: Boys outperform girls in visual/spatial tasks • Mathematical ability • Beginning in adolescence, boys show small but consistent advantage in arithmetic reasoning • The role of social factors? • Aggression: Boys are more physically and verbally aggressive than girls

  7. Facts and Fictions About Gender Differences, con’t • Differences that may be real: • Activity level: Boys are more physically active than girls • Fear, timidity, and risk taking: Girls or more timid than boys • Developmental vulnerabilities • Boys are more physically vulnerable than girls • Boys are more likely to display developmental problems • Emotional expressivity: • Girls are more emotionally expressive than boys • Empathetic sensitivity? • Compliance: Girls are more compliant than boys

  8. Developmental Trends in Gender Typing • Development of the gender concept: • Discrimination of males versus females • Children’s knowledge of boys versus girls • Gender constancy • Development of gender-role stereotypes: • Timing of gender stereotypes • Growth of gender stereotypes during preschool and elementary school • How serious are gender-role prescriptions? • Flexibility in gender stereotypes • Development of gender-typed behavior: • Sex appropriateness of play • Gender segregation • Preference for same sex playmates • Why does segregation occur?

  9. Social Play and Gender

  10. Theories of Gender TypingBiological and Psychoanalytic • Biological approach: • The role of genetic and hormonal differences • Sex-linked constitutional factors and the environment • Freud’s Psychoanalytic approach: • The process of identification • Evidence for and against Freudian theory

  11. Theories of Gender TypingSocial Learning and Cognitive-Development • Social learning theory: • Direct tuition • Parents, teachers, etc., reinforce sex-appropriate responses • Do parents shape behavior? • Observational learning • Learning of sex-typed attitudes by observing same-sex models • Why might children preferentially attend to same-sex models • Reinforcement • Perception of similarity • Kohlberg’s Cognitive-Developmental theory: • Cognitive judgments about self precede selective attention or identification • Stages of understanding gender • Basic gender identity • Gender stability • Gender consistency • Problems with theory

  12. Theories of Gender TypingGender Schema Theory • Martin & Halverson’s Gender Schema theory: • Information processing theory of sex-typing • Children motivated to acquire values consistent with judgments about self • Self-socialization begins when children get basic gender identity • Development of gender schemas • In group / Out group schema • Own sex schema • Gender schemas as organizers of social information

More Related