Presenter : Wen-Shuenn Wu ( Michael Wu ) Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

1. The marriage between corpus-based linguistics and grammar instruction: Using advise, recommend, and suggest as an example Presenter: Wen-Shuenn Wu(Michael Wu) Chung Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan August 7, 2008 (WorldCALL 2008)

2. ‘Research is too important to be left to the researchers.’ (Tim Johns, 1991)

3. Introduction • What is corpus? • A collection of naturally occurring examples of language, consisting of anything from a few sentences to a set of written texts or tape recordings, which have been collected for linguistic study. (Hunston, 2002, p.2)

4. Classification of corpora • Closed corpora • Paid corpora (self-owned servers) • Free online corpora

5. Closed Corpora

6. CIC (Cambridge International Corpus)

7. BNCWeb

8. Paid Corpora

9. 75 GBP = 150 USD BNC (British National Corpus)

10. ANC (American National Corpus)

11. About 20 corpora (e.g. Brown, LOB, Helsinki) in CD-ROM. 3,500 NOK = 700 USD ICAME (International Computer Archive of Modern and Medieval English)

12. LDC (Linguistic Data Consortium)

13. Free online Corpora

14. BNC (British National Corpus)

15. The Collins Wordbanks Online English Corpus

16. JustTheWordSharp Laboratory of Europe

17. VIEW (Variation in English Words and Phrases) --> COCA (The Corpus of Contemporary American English)

18. MICASE (Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English)

19. PERC Corpus Online

20. WebCorp

21. Data-driven learning (DDL) • Students act as ‘language detectives’, discovering facts about the language from authentic examples. (Hunston, 2002) • DDL serves as consciousness-raising • DDL does not ‘teach’ a language feature, but presents learners with evidence and asks them to make hypotheses and draw conclusions.

22. Corpora and language teaching • To improve student’s skills of using real language in context to come up with an answer to certain grammar and usage problems. • To investigate the lexico-grammatical associations and pattern differences between nearly synonymous words.

23. Application of corpora to language teaching • ‘raw’, unedited corpora search • Advantage • Disadvantage • specially-compiled, teacher-edited corpus • Advantage • Disadvantage

24. Advantages of using corpora in a language class • Solve some grammatical and usage problems. • Additional corpus material may be useful to help the learner to see a recurrent pattern rather than relying on a single occurrence from a text.

25. Disadvantages of using corpora in a language class • time-consuming • wrong conclusion or incorrect interpretation. • “That’s why we suggestyoutalk to us first.” • “In that case I suggestwestick to it, because I have the strong feeling that…”

26. Disadvantages of using corpora in a language class (cont.) • Not all the concordance-derived data are grammatically correct. • A teacher has to make a couple of digressions from the main topics of a lesson, which definitely will interrupt the flow of the lecture or discussion.

27. Dictionary definition of advise, suggest, and recommend (LDCE) • advise:  to tell someone what you think they should do, especially when you know more than they do about something • suggest:  to tell someone your ideas about what they should do, where they should go etc • recommend:  to advise someone to do something, especially when you have special knowledge of a particular subject or situation

28. Whether these sentences are correct? • I suggested a new procedure to the committee. • A broker will advise you how toinvest your money. • I would always recommendbuying a good quality bicycle rather than a cheap one.

29. How about these sentences? • He suggested us to go for a drink. (LDCE) • He suggestedthatwe go for a drink. • He advisedto leave as quickly as possible. (Collins COBUILD English Usage, p.26) • Can you suggest something for us to do this weekend? • If you go to London, we recommend you visiting Tate Modern. (LDCE) • They advised him that the tour would proceed.

30. Pilot Study • Find out the whether advise, suggest, and recommend can be used in the following patterns? • V + N + (not) to-V • V + wh-clause/phrase • V + that-clause • V + -ing • V + for/to someone + to-V

31. Pilot Study (cont.) • What is the commonest modal (e.g. would, should, might, can, could, etc.) that is used in the that-clause of the third sentence pattern (i.e., V +that-clause)? Which adverbs are usually used with these three words: • modal: • adverbs: • advise • suggest • recommend

32. V + N + (not) to-V • He advised me to put my money in the bank. • I would recommend anyone to read two books. • suggest?? • Could you suggest someone to advise me how to do this? (Collins Cobuild Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary, 4th edition, 2003, p.1449)

33. V + wh-clause/phrase • He may need to advisehow to obtain legal help or financial guidance. (BNCWeb) (1 target pattern out of 2021 examples) • I keep trying to suggestwhere he could get work.(BNCWeb) (136 target patterns out of 8778 examples) • The trust will also recommend whether the investment costs should be passed on to consumers. (BNCWeb) (16 target patterns out of 1784 examples)

34. V + that-clause • We advised that they should start early. • I suggested that he leave the room. (fml; esp. AmE) • I recommend that you get some professional advice.

35. V + -ing • I advisewaiting till the proper time. • He suggestedtaking the children to the zoo. • I would always recommendbuying a good quality bicycle rather than a cheap one.

36. V + for/to someone + to-V • He suggestedfor herto take the money. • I suggestedto herto go to France with me. • advise?? • recommend??

37. modal • What is the commonest modal (e.g. would, should, might, can, could, etc.) that is used in the that-clause of the third sentence pattern (i.e., V +that-clause)? • should

38. adverb • Which adverbs are usually used with these three words • advise: strongly • suggest: strongly • recommend: highly, thoroughly, strongly

39. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspective (1) • native speaker intuition vs. non-native speaker competence • Many more experimental studies require to be done before we can say that… (Owne, 1996) • …decided that a large number of laws would require to be passed by a two-thirds majority (from a corpus) • Yes, your cordon pears do require to be pruned in summer (from a corpus)

40. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspective (2) • “Although REQUIRE to be is found in the Bank of English, and fairly frequently, the past participle that follows is usually that of a verb with a specific meaning, not a general verb such as do. There are plenty of examples of the type These roses require to be prunedeach spring but very few indeed of require to be done (only 3 out of 302). Thus Owen’s intuitions are backed up by evidence of the corpus, but on phraseological rather than grammatical grounds” (Hunston, 2002, p.21-22).

41. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspective (3) • the absence of some target patterns and rare instances of target patterns • suggest + N + to V: (8 target patterns out of 8778 examples from BNCWeb) • I would suggestyouto ask that question in fact you’ll ask Gordon afterwards. • suggestmedicinesto help reduce your symptoms. • suggestwaysto help my weight reduction • suggeststrategiesto increase the safety of …

42. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspctive (4) • recommend + N + V-ing(Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, p.742) (2 target patterns out of 1784 examples from BNCWeb: “…although she would recommendyouusing more tact than Judith did.”)

43. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspective (5) • suggest + N + V-ing (Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, p.742) (4 target patterns out of 8778 examples from BNCWeb: Perhaps I could suggesthergetting someone in to look after him and she could come..)

44. pedagogical and research issues – EFL perspective (6) • real language: Where the example sentences from corpora are ‘real language’ in a meaningful context? • In the classroom setting, EFL students are unlikely to be motivated by corpus-based data if the instances of language use that they are studying are taken from contexts which are detached from their interests and concerns (Tribble, 1997).

45. Conclusion • “It is certainly true that I do not believe (and do not think the research demonstrates) that there is just one preferred approach to teaching grammar. The acquisition of the grammatical system of an L2 is a complex process and almost certainly can be assisted best by a variety of approaches.” (Ellis, 2006, p.103)

46. Conclusion (cont.) • The marriage between corpus-based linguistics and grammar instruction might have a happy ending if competent English teachers are fully prepared and find adequate methods to integrate corpus-based materials into relevant grammar learning.

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