The Renaissance

1. The Renaissance The Rebirth of Classical Knowledge and Art in Europe Chapter 1 1-22

2. What is Renaissance? • Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’. • It was a period in history that saw a renewed interest in Europe’s classical Roman past. • Began in northern Italy in the lat 14th (early 1300’s) century, and ended in England in the early 17th (late 1600’s) century. • Famous individuals such as Donatello, Leonardo, Michelangelo (not the Ninja Turtles) lived during this time and greatly influenced society and challenged the church. • Renaissance began in Italy because they had contact with Asia and Africa, new about Ancient civilizations in Greece and Rome, and world trade made Italy very wealthy. • This period is known as the Middle Ages.

3. Chapter 1 – Times of Change • During the Middle Ages, European society was organized in a system called feudalism. (A hierarchy were people are ranked according to their importance) • People were born into their level of feudal society and stayed their fir their entire lives. • Feudalism was based on land, loyalty, and duty. • Nobles or Knights, swore oaths of allegiance to the King. They fought for him in exchange for land (manors – manorial system) • Bishops (Priests) received their land from the Crown, which resulted in the Church becoming a large land owner. The Church was very powerful during these times.

4. Medieval Country Life • Most people during the middle ages were peasants, who lived in rural villages. Peasants farmed the land, then turned over a portion of their production to the Lord of the Manor. • They also built roads, cleared forests, and all other work they were ordered, in exchange for some of the product they produced. • Peasants were illiterate and uneducated, but some were freemen, who rented the land. Most peasants were serfs, who couldn’t leave the land without permission. (Commoners)

5. Peasants – Knights – Barons - KING

6. Most towns were farm communities, close to a castle or monastery. Stones walls were built around the town, with the Castle or monastery in the middle. This was for protection from rival Lords. Towns were dirty and rat infested, but had shops and stores which offered freedom and new opportunities. Medieval Town Life

7. Medieval Town Life • People had the freedom to marry and make money, skilled peasants could make merchandise for wealthy merchants. • Production of goods and trade in the towns was organized by guilds. • Guilds controlled the prices of goods, set standards of quality, and decided who could work as a trainee, or apprentice. • Young children (8-10) could learn a trade and become a journeyman, then be admitted to the guild. • Eventually they would become masters, then open their own business.

8. Role of Women • Rural women usually had many children and shared the work in the fields with the men. • Women also wove cloth, made clothes, cooked meals, and preserved food for the winter. • Sometimes women married guild members and worked along side their husbands. • The women could inherit guild property when their husbands died, and become masters. • Women of wealthy merchants were educated, and had great opportunities. • Noble women had few rights and choices. Marriages were arranged for family economic gain.

9. Feudal system • Beginning in 1337, war broke out between England and France. Lasted more than a century, known as the 100yr war. • Endless fighting devastated the countryside. • Peasants in both countries revolted because of the high rent and taxes they had to pay to Nobles in order to finance the war. • ROBIN HOOD – Steal from the rich, to give to the poor. • The story of Robin Hood is a folklore tale about and English Noble that revolted against the treatment of peasants. • He would steal money and goods from the wealthy Crown, and give it back to the starving peasants.

10. PEASANTS’ REVOLT • French nobles referred to peasants as “Jacques Bonhomme”, or simply “Jacques” • Revolt in France became known as La Jacquerie! • The revolts in England and France were brutal. Many Nobles were killed, their manors burned, but the peasants suffered dramatically. • Both sides lost!!

11. ROBIN HOOD – Prince of Thieves • Movie Study • Complete the movie study questions and assignment. • Be specific and relate all the questions to the movie, and how the feudal system is depicted in the movie. • Have Fun

12. THE BLACK DEATH 1346 - 1350

13. Black Death • Began in the Gobi Desert (between China and Mongolia) in the late 1320’s. • Some speculation, that in the 14th century, the Earth’s temperature began to cool so the disease spread very quickly. • Millions of Europeans died which resulted in several labour shortages on the manors and many feudal estates went bankrupt. • All of this resulted in a wealthier middle class.

14. Black Death • History • China lost 35 million people to the Black Death in the 14th century. • The plague moved along caravan routes (Silk Road) toward the west. • By 1345, the plague had hit the Volga river in Russia, then out the Black Sea. • By 1347 the plague was in Turkey and Greece, then on to Egypt. • By January of 1348 the plague had hit Germany, France, and Norway, which were 3 of the largest cities in relation to import and exports. • The plague followed the trade routes through all of Europe and Asia. • By 1352, the plague was over, but not until one third to one half of Europe’s population had died.

15. Silk Road

16. What is the Black Death? • The Black Death In 1347 a Genoese ship from Caffa, on the Black Sea, came ashore at Messina, Sicily. The crew of the ship, what few were left alive, carried with them a deadly cargo, a disease so virulent that it could kill in a matter of hours. It is thought that the disease originated in the Far East, and was spread along major trade routes to Caffa, where Genoa had an established trading post. When it became clear that ships from the East carried the plague, Messina closed its port. The ships were forced to seek safe harbour elsewhere around the Mediterranean, and the disease was able to spread quickly. • During the Medieval period the plague went by several names, the most common being "the Pestilence" and "The Great Mortality ". Theories about the cause of the disease were numerous, ranging from a punishment from God to planetary alignment to evil stares. Not surprisingly, many people believed that the horrors of the Black Death signaled the Apocalypse, or end of time. Others believed that the disease was a plot by Jews to poison all of the Christian world, and many Jews were killed by panicked mobs.

17. Causes of the Black Death? • 3 types of plague: First two are transmitted through flea bites. • Septicemic Plague – transmitted through flea bites. Fleas and rats were host to the disease. Oriental rats carrying the bacteria were bitten by fleas, and the bacteria multiplied inside the fleas. When the fleas died they transmitted the disease to the humans they were infecting. • Bubonic Plague – Most common with 30% to 75% of the people dying after contracting it. Characteristics were enlarged lymph glands, which resulted in swelling of the neck, arm pits, and groin area. The glands would burst, then death. The entire course of the disease took 3-4 days. • Pneumonic Plague – Effected the lungs, and had the same symptoms as the flu. Mortality rate was 90% - 95%. 2nd most common.

18. The Effects of the Plague • The plague affected the Medieval church and society • Caused people to question the church because it was unable to stop the plague • People felt betrayed by the church when the clergy abandoned them for fear of catching the plague • People became more self-indulgent and wanted to enjoy life so they abandoned the idea that one must suffer to gain eternal salvation • People questioned the structure of their society, which didn’t allow for personal advancement

19. A Religious Society in Trouble! • The results of the Black Plague caused society to question religion. Why would their worship result in death? • Society thought God had sent the Black Plague as punishment. • Religion was a central part of daily life with Worldviews being shaped by Christian Church. • Life during medieval times was hard so the hope of a better afterlife was very important. • People believed the church could help them reach heaven after they died.

20. A Religious Society in Trouble! • The Church Community • Society in the Middle Ages was a hierarchy – levels. • Every group in the church was to be obedient to the group above them, people below had to pay a tithe (portion of crops or earnings) to the ones above. • This process gave society a sense of community!! • Black Plague caused society to for go church worship and believe in the power of themselves!!

21. The Holy Land Area around modern day Israel and Palestinian territories where Christ Lived, takes up a third of Asia. Jerusalem Jesus preached here, is the dot at the center. Heaven At the top. PSALTER MAP

22. Changing Attitudes in Religion • The Black Death made many people question their faith. • Prayers and visits to the Holy land had not worked – people everywhere kept dying! • God had abandoned them!!! • A dying society saw the Church do very well financially, this made society very sour towards religion. • A New Age was beginning, the emergence of busy towns and a merchant class meant society was less rigid and organized. • A period of great creativity in the arts and sciences was about to begin. In 1855, the French historian Jules Michelet coined the term “Renaissance” to describe the re-birth of society.

23. Chpt 2Expansion of Trade Chapter 2 23-38

24. The Renaissance Begins • Renaissance means “rebirth” and was the rebirth of art and learning in Europe between 1300 and 1600 A.D. • It began in Northern Italy and then spread north • Northern Italy had: • Thriving cities • A wealthy merchant class • The classical heritage of Rome and Greece

25. The Crusades and Trade • Trade between Venice and other Italian cities and the East actually began several centuries before the Marco Polo journeys. • Trade happened as a result of a series of religious wars between Christian and Muslim forces. Better known as the Crusades!! • The land of Palestine, which contained religious sites sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims, was under Christian control for many centuries. • Middle of the seventh century, this area was taken over by the Turks, who became Muslims. • 1095, Pope Urban II began a Christian crusade to drive out the Muslims, and many knights and citizens set out to do battle. • Both sides looked on fighting in a holy war as a way of guaranteeing themselves a place in heaven. • In 1187, Sultan Saladin recaptured Jerusalem, which brought an end to the crusades. Muslims regained their lands!! • Pg. 40-41

26. The Crusades and Trade • Two important results of the Crusades: • Contact with Muslim civilization • Trade of goods. • During the time of the crusades, the Muslim world was more advanced than Europe. Because of the travels and contacts, Europeans were exposed to new ideas about medicine, astronomy, philosophy, math, and ancient literature. • Muslim society also believed in teaching Christian and Jewish philosophy, thus advancing their learning. • Trade began to expand, more products became available to the entire world and art, literature, philosophy, creative thought exploded with new ideas.

27. The Italian City-States: the birthplace of the Renaissance • The Crusades Effects on the Italian City-States • The Crusades spurred trade which brought people and wealth to northern Italy and led to the development of these large towns • These city-states were the ideal pace to exchange new ideas • The Plague’s Effects on the Italian City-States • The Plague reduced populations and shrank opportunities for business expansion in the city-states, which led wealthy merchants to spend their money on patronizing the arts

28. The Italian City-States • Milan, Florence, and Genoa • The city-states were separate republics which collected their own taxes and raised their own armies, called hinterland. • Many citizens were highly involved in politics • Wealthy merchants were the most powerful citizens, despite rank • Individual achievement was more important than rank or title

29. The Success of City-States • Geographic features contributed greatly to the economic success of Florence. • Why did the large cities of Alberta develop where they did? • Dozens of city states grew up across the northern half of Italy , right place right time. • All became the wealthiest cities in Europe.. • Aspects of their geography, climate, leadership, and social organization help to account for their success.

30. The Success of City-States • Geography: • Italy was the closest to the port cities of Northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean sea. • Spices and luxury goods were available for trade. • Transporting these goods was easier and cheaper for traders in Italian cities compared to other countries. • Climate: • Italy has a mild climate compared to cities north of the Alps, thus trade and travel was not interrupted by weather. • Long growing season produced crops like olives and grapes, which were important for wine and cooking.

31. The Success of City-States • Leadership: • In Northern Italy was a collection of independent states which had their own government, armies, and controlled their own affairs. • Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa were the most prominent. • Social Organization: • Feudalism was not as strong in Italy as the rest of Europe. In Italy, many nobles lived in urban society and became involved in business and trade.

32. Competition for Trade • City of Venice was founded in Roman times on a group of islands in a protected harbour. This site was easily defended from invasion. • Venice became a great trading center as a result of dealings with the east. • At one point, Venetian merchants had thousands of ships travelling the Mediterranean sea and along the Atlantic coast to Northern Europe. The result was Venice becoming the largest ship building center in Europe. This created thousands of jobs and brought wealthy people to Venice. • Genoa, the other maritime power in Italy, also controlled a share of trade and had ports in the Black sea. • Genoa controlled the trade with the Spanish ports of Barcelona and Valencia.

33. Commerce in the City States • The POLO family were very wealthy merchants that made money by purchasing goods in one place and selling them for a higher price in another. • Because of the Black Death, the economy was devastated. There was high unemployment among the ciompi (wool carders) who did not belong to guilds. • The ciompi wanted to form their own guild but were denied by others, thus leading to the first strike. The ciompi briefly took over the government of Florence, but were eventually defeated by the powerful guilds.

34. Commerce in the City States • Florentine bankers established banking practices across Europe. • Florence’s economy became so powerful that the golden florin became the most powerful currency during the Renaissance. • Usury, practice of charging interest when loaning money, became very popular through the church and rest of Europe. This was outlawed in the Church originally, but then became common practice as a way to make a lot of money!! • Italian values became very popular throughout Europe.

35. Business Practice

36. The Medici Family in Florence • The Medici’s were an extremely wealthy merchant family in Florence, Italy. Made their fortune as wool and silk merchants and bankers. • They built alliances with other wealthy families, acquired positions in the church, and married into royal families. • 1434, Cosimo de Medici controlled the governing council of the city by giving them loans, he then declared himself head of the government and exiled his enemies. • The Medici’s kept total control of Florence while maintaining the appearance of a republican government. • Though from the outside Florence looked like a republic, the Medici’s used their money to buy off the governing council. Made many enemies!

37. The Medici Family in Florence • Most famous Medici was Cosimo’s grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent. • He was a patron of literature and art who sponsored Michelangelo, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, and other great thinkers of their time. • Because of their position in society, many Medici’s died violent deaths, some engineered by their own families.

38. Giuliano stabbed to death Piro the Unfortunate drowned in a shipwreck Giovanni delle Barde Nere shot and killed attacking the state of Mantua Ippolito poisoned by order of his cousin Alessandro assassinated by his cousin Lorenzino Lorenzino assassinated by his cousin Cosimo 1 Isabella, daughter of Cosimo, strangled in bed by her husband. Medici Violent Deaths Lorenzo de Medici

39. The Humanist Approach Chapter 3 39-75

40. The Renaissance looks back to Greece and Rome • Renaissance thinkers and artists looked to Greece and Rome for their inspiration • Scholars studied ancient Latin manuscripts (from Rome) which had been preserved in monasteries • Scholars studied ancient Greek manuscripts which had been preserved in Byzantine libraries until the Byzantine Empire fell to the Ottoman Turks

41. Renaissance Values • Humanism • Focus on human potential and achievements • Scholars studied ancient Greek values and encouraged the study of “humanities” like history, literature, and philosophy • Enjoyment of Worldly Goods (Secularism) • People became more secular and were concerned with enjoying life • Patronizing the Arts • Wealthy merchants, monarchs, and the church financially supported the arts during this time (meaning they paid to have artists create things for them)

42. The Renaissance Man and Woman • The “Renaissance Man” was described by Castiglione as the “universal man” in The Courtier • Should be charming, witty, and well-educated in the classics, be able to dance, sing, play music, and write poetry • Should be a skilled rider, wrestler, and swordsman • Should have self-control and excel in many fields • The “Renaissance Woman” • Should know the classics and be charming, but she is not expected to gain fame • Expected to inspire art and literature, but not expected to create it

43. Please read the article on page 59 David by Michelangelo

44. A Rebirth of Ideas • Have you ever changed your mind on a major issue? • What caused you to change your mind or opinion on this topic? • What influenced you? Books, TV, the internet or a friend? • This is what happened during the Renaissance – except across a continent • What is one major issue that we are faced with in today’s society – how can this issue be addressed?

45. Humanist • Humanist: a person who adopts a system of thought that centres on humans and their values, capacities and worth • Read pages 60-62 and make a list of the ways that classical ideas influenced the humanists.

46. A Time of Classical Writings • The Greek and Roman civilizations had not been forgotten during the middle ages. • Latin was the language of the Romans and remained the language of the scholars and Church. • Aristotle and Plato (ancient writers) were studied from a Christian perspective, but society started to look at things in a different way. • Renaissance worldview was a result of intercultural contact with earlier civilizations! • Humanist ideas spread mainly among the wealthy in society.

47. A Time of Classical Writings

48. Philosopher: one who studies the truth and principles underlying human conduct and knowledge and the nature of the universe

49. Humanism and the Individual • Renaissance thinkers could shape their lives through their own efforts and talents. • Humanists believed that: • Human beings can use the power of reason, thinking to find truth for themselves. • It is important to have an open and curious mind. • People can achieve great things through learning. • You should be skilled in many areas. Develop your mind, body, and spirit. Consider how humanist thinkers would have spread their ideas.

50. Humanism and the Individual • Humanist Scholars • Francesco Petrarch was an early thinker of the renaissance. He believed the Classical past was far superior to the medieval world, or dark age. • Humanists believed their time to be glorious and ideas were reborn. • Greek and Roman manuscripts had been preserved in libraries in the Muslim world and in Monestary and cathedral libraries. • Humanists wanted to make all ideas available to the widest possible readership. • Humanists thought that in order to be truly cultured, a person should read good books and look at great works of art!!