Learn to write

1. Learn to write Chapter II: The paragraph Lecture 2: Building a paragraph (1) Paragraph

2. Ways of building a paragraph Paragraph Composition 1. Narration 2. Description 3. Argument 4. Listing 5. Exemplification 6. Process 7. Cause & effect 8. Comparison & contrast 9. Classification 1. Narration 2. Description 3. Argumentation 4. Exposition Ways of presenting supporting facts Paragraph

3. Listing Exemplification Narration Description Process Cause & effect Comparison & contrast Classification Argument Building a paragraph Paragraph

4. Building a paragraph (1) • Listing • Exemplification • Narration • Description • Process Paragraph

5. Listing • Yesterday was one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong. First, I didn't hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work. Then, I didn't read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss. During the coffee break, I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt. At lunch time, I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that was in it. After lunch, my boss was angry because I hadn't gone to the meeting. Then I didn't notice a sign on a door that said "Wet Paint" and so I spoilt my jacket too. When I got home I couldn't get into my flat because I had left my key in my office. So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand. Paragraph

6. Listing • Tree are very important to humanity. One reason is that they are the sources of material for everything from our houses to our books. Another is that they protect the soil and stop it from being washed away. And also, trees give food and shelter, and make the earth a more beautiful place to live in. Paragraph

7. Listing • first of all, in the first place, first and foremost, most important of all, to begin with, to start with, furthermore, in addition, moreover, besides, thirdly, fourthly, lastly • The last but not the least... • I want to begin by saying... • I will conclude by saying... • I want to make one final point... Paragraph

8. Exemplification • Some of the states in the U.S.A. took their names form Indian words for rivers. The Mississippi, Missouri, and Colorado rivers provided names for three of the fifty states. Paragraph

9. Exemplification • for example, as an example, to give another (example), for instance, as an illustration, such...as... • Let me illustrate by... • This can be illustrated by... • An example of this is/involves... • To provide a specific case... Paragraph

10. Exemplification Class work • P. 112 Ex. Two • My father is very strict with his children, especially me. Paragraph

11. Exemplification • My father is very strict with his children, especially me.He will notlet me out of the house unless I have done all my homework.He will notlet me watch TV unless I have been involved in my books for two hours every evening.He willbeat me if I cheat myself and my teacher in the examinations. He willwake me up and make me follow him every morning he gets up and begins his physical exercise at six o’clock.Therefore, I will not be free as long as my father is beside me. Paragraph

12. Narration • In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through the window, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called the police station. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Three policemen went inside the flat at once, and others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone from escaping. Paragraph

13. Narration Class work • P. 113 Ex. Four 1, 2 • I still remember the morning when I first came to the college. Paragraph

14. Narration • I still remember the morning when I first came to the college. When the bus carried me to the gate of the college, I was so excited that I felt as if my heart would leap out of my mouth. I went out and found everything seemed fresh to me. After registration, we, newcomers, were led by an instructor to the dormitory, where we were going to live without parents but roommates. I was so clumsy that I had no idea about what to do now. Paragraph

15. Description • Standing at the edge of the road, I looked up the gently winding driveway车道 that climbed to the front of the house. The house stood on a level space surrounded by tall oak trees. Behind the house a hill rose sharply. The hill ended in a curved peak that seemed to frame the whole scene. I had never seen such a lovely setting for a house. Paragraph

16. Description Class work • P. 113 Ex. Six 1, 2 Paragraph

17. Process • To wash your dog properly, you should follow several steps with the utmost care. First, ... Next, ... After, ... Then,... Paragraph

18. Process Class work 1 • Rearrange the order of the following sentences about how to build a fire. a. arrange logs closely together on top of kindling引火物 before lighting paper b. get logs, kindling, and a paper c. strike match d. wad卷成卷 up paper, put it on ground and scatter kindling on it Paragraph

19. Process • If you follow these directions, you should have no trouble building a fire.The first thing is to get some logs, some kindling, and some paper. After wadding up the paper, put it on the ground and scatter the kindling on it. Be sure to arrange the logs closely together on top of the kindling before you light the paper. Then strike a match. Paragraph

20. Process Class work 2 • Tell Brian how he can get to King Hotel from Tom’s house. Paragraph

21. Process • It is quite easy to get to King Hotel from Tom’s house. Turn to your left after leaving Tom’s house. Then, walk along Jin Hua Road until you come to Hua Fu Road. Turn right at the corner of Hua Fu Road, and walk straight forward. When you get to the corner of Hua Fu Road and Beijing Road, you do not cross the street. Just turn on your right. King’s Hotel is at this corner. It is opposite to a gas station. Paragraph

22. Homework • Read it:《奠基》p.29-31(circle the transitions). • Read it:《奠基》p.264-265 (key to Ex.3,5,7-9) • Build 3 paragraphs based on the following topic sentences respectively. • There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes. (examples) • A thorough cleaning has transformed our dormitory. • Any students can avoid failing an examination if he or she knows how. • Warning: delayed work will not be accepted Paragraph