Learn to write

1. Learn to write Chapter I: The Sentence Lecture 1: The basics

2. The sentence • Sentence sense • Basic sentence patterns • Classification of sentences • Class work 1 2 3 4 Sentence

3. What is a “good”sentence? There is too much space between “Horse” and “and” and “and” and “Cart”. Study the following sentences: • There is too much space between Horse and and and and and Cart. • He said that that that that that girl used was wrong. • If the sentence that had had had had had had, then it would be correct. He said that that “that” that that girl used was wrong. If the sentence that had “had” had had “had had”, then it would be correct. Sentence

4. What is a “good” sentence? unity Study the following sentences: • We had a party yesterday, and Carl was ill. • Walking along the street, a beautiful spring came into my view. • The monkey amused the people in the cages at the zoo. • The old man is too weak. coherence word order completeness Sentence

5. An effective sentence • Unity • We had a party yesterday. • Coherence • When I was walking along the street, I saw a spring. • Goodorder • The monkey in the cages amused the people at the zoo. • Completeness • The oldman is too weak to walk that far. Sentence

6. Basic sentence patterns Study the following sentences: • There was an old church there three years ago. • Up went the arrow into the air. • Happy is he who dedicates his life to mankind. • Terribly hot it certainly was. • Not a single word did he say. • Nothing would the little boy reply. predicate subject predicative object Sentence

7. Basic sentence patterns Study the following sentences: • Stephen apologized. • Frank is clever/ an architect. • My sister enjoyed the play. • The firm gave Sam a watch. • They made Sam redundant/ chairman. • Joe leaped from the edge of his chair. • American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson. Subject + Verb Subject + Verb + Predicative Subject + Verb + Object Subject + Verb + indirect Object + direct Object Subject + Verb + Object + Complement Subject + Verb + Adverbial Subject + Verb +Object + Adverbial Sentence

8. Basic sentence patterns • Subject + Verb • Subject + Verb + Predicative • Subject + Verb + Object • Subject + Verb + indirect Object + direct Object • Subject + Verb + Object + Complement • Subject + Verb + Adverbial • Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial Sentence

9. Basic sentence patterns: Elements of sentences Study the following sentences: • Please tell her as soon as you see her. • I have not a bench to sit on. • They tried to persuade her to go with them. • I saw them playing under the big peach tree. • Honestly speaking, I don’t like it at all. adverbial of time attribute adverbial of manner adverbial of place independent element adverbial of degree Sentence

10. Basic sentence patterns: Elements of sentences subject predicate verb Essential elements the modified object appositive predicative object complement attribute adverbial Independent element Secondary elements modifiers Sentence

11. Class work 1: Analyze the following sentences. • The sailor saw that the ship was sinking. • The thought that help was near kept our spirits up. • My opinion is that this story is false. • His education has made him what he is now. • The first thing I’m going to do this evening is to visit my former teacher. Sentence

12. Class work 1: Analyze the following sentences. 6. To understand is easier, but to make others understand is not as easier. 7. We came to learn English. 8. The young man sat there, his hands crossed before him. 9. I have no bench to sit on. 10. One should be quick to act. Sentence

13. Classification of sentences • Paul rides a bicycle to class. • Both Mike and Jack like playing baseball. • a sentence that consists of a single independent clause; this independent sentence may have a compound subject or a compound predicate. • The simple sentence Sentence

14. Classification of sentences • Paul rides a bicycle to school when it is fine. • The car that Baker bought yesterday cost twenty thousand dollars. • a sentence that contains one independent clause (the main clause) and one or more subordinate or dependent clauses • The complex sentence main clause subordinate clause Sentence

15. Classification of sentences • They have put a new traffic light on the corner, but there are still a lot of accidents. • Peter watches TV in the evening, and so does his brother. • a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses • The compound sentence Sentence

16. Classification of sentences • Paul rides a bicycle to school when it is fine, but he drives his car when it is rainy. • The man who is following the woman is a detective, and he is investigating a drug case now. • a sentence that contains two or more independent clauses and at least one subordinate or dependent clause • The compound-complex sentence Sentence

17. Classification of Sentences • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound complex Sentence

18. Classification of Sentences Study the following sentences: • He came in, took off his coat and went into the inner room. • Tom and John saw Mary and went up to her to tell her the good news. • Tom saw Mary and he went up to her to tell her the good news. • He waited and waited but nothing happened. simple simple compound compound Sentence

19. Classification of Sentences • When they saw her, they went up to her. • Seeing her, they went up to her. • They waited for quite some time, and they went up to her as soon as they saw her. • She likes to watch ants carrying food to their little home. • Please tell me how to do it. complex simple compound complex simple simple Sentence

20. Sentence transformation a simple sentence a compound one • In spite of his great success, he is not satisfied. • She cleaned the windows and then she washed the floor. • He has made great success, but he is not satisfied. • After cleaning the windows, she washed the floor. Sentence

21. Sentence transformation a complex sentence a simple one • His wish is to become a teacher. • What he spoke at the meeting was encouraging. • His wish is that he would become a teacher.. • His speech at the meeting was encouraging. Sentence

22. Sentence transformation a complex sentence a compound one • He is old, but he works as a young man. • Since you insist, I must go. • Old as he is, he works as a young man. • You insist so I must go. Sentence

23. Class work 2 • Combine the following two sentences at least in five different ways. We’ll see which pair can work out the most. • His wallet was stolen. • He didn’t have enough money to buy the book. Sentence

24. Class work 3: Improve the following sentences. • Having no job and poor, the student had to drop out of school. • With the computer, one can do shopping, banking and read at home. • What do the rich people know about disease, those who are hungry, and poverty? Jobless and poor, reading those who are sick, hungry and poor Sentence

25. Class work 3: Improve the following sentences. 4. Narrow streets easily cause to happen many traffic accidents. 5. But it may occur some new problems. 6. Green trees can protect our air from polluting. 7. Opportunities are only belonged to those who work hard. may occur being polluted Sentence

26. Class work 3: Improve the following sentences. 8. In 1990 the consumption of grain has decreased by 20%. 9. Many students liked the lecture system because it helps them to learn quickly. 10. If there were no electrical power, we can imagine what will happen. like would We can imagine what would happen if therewere no electrical power. Sentence

27. An effective sentence • Unity • Coherence • Goodorder • Completeness Sentence

28. Basic sentence patterns • Subject + Verb • Subject + Verb + Complement • Subject + Verb + direct Object • Subject + Verb + indirect Object + direct Object • Subject + Verb + Object + Complement • Subject + Verb + Adverbial • Subject + Verb + Object + Adverbial Sentence

29. Classification of Sentences • Simple • Compound • Complex • Compound complex Sentence

30. Homework • Read it:《奠基篇》pp19-23. • 《奠基篇》Unit1，Part IV pp61-62. • Write an essay around 120 words entitled “ I got a lot from my high school” • Warning: delayed work will not be accepted Sentence