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Chemistry of Life

Chemistry of Life. Organic Chemistry. Water. What do you think makes water so special? Liquid at room temperature Everyone needs it to survive, You are made of mostly water It floats when it freezes Covers 75% of the earth’s surface.

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Chemistry of Life

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  1. Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry

  2. Water • What do you think makes water so special? • Liquid at room temperature • Everyone needs it to survive, You are made of mostly water • It floats when it freezes • Covers 75% of the earth’s surface

  3. Uneven distribution of electrons results in a polar molecule

  4. Hydrogen Bond A bond formed in polar molecules

  5. Chemical Compounds in Living Things • Inorganic - Do not contain carbon • the exception is carbon dioxide • examples are: water, minerals, sand, stone, salts • Organic – carbon-containing compounds

  6. Organic Chemistry • Carbon has the ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable • Carbon can bond to Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Hydrogen, Sulfur and more

  7. Organic Chemistry Can be single, double or triple covalent bonds Can be a ring with single or double bonds or both

  8. Functional Groups

  9. Phosphates • PO3

  10. Polymerization • Can have chains of unlimited length (polymers) • large compounds (polymers) formed by joining together smaller compounds (monomer)

  11. Polymerization Starch Glucose

  12. Compounds of Life • Proteins • Carbohydrates • Fats (lipids) • Nucleic Acids

  13. Carbohydrates Powerful Stuff

  14. Carbohydrates Sugars and Starches • Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio • Simplest is Monosaccharides – simple sugars • Glucose, galactose, fructose • C6H12O6 • What makes them different is the arrangement of atoms • Sugars contain lots of energy (stored in the bonds)

  15. Dehydration Synthesis

  16. Dehydration Synthesis • 2 or more monosaccharides combine to form a larger molecule (polymerize) • Join at OH groups of each molecule. One OH from one molecule combines with the H of another. What is it called when you take the water out of something? Dehydration. • Synthesis is “Putting together”. Dehydration Synthesis is putting two molecules (in this case simple sugars) together and forming a complex molecule (in this case sugar). • Monosaccharides are put together forming Disaccharides • Table Sugar (sucrose) is a disaccharide.

  17. Hydrolysis

  18. Hydrolysis • Split apart polysaccharides • Reverse of dehydration synthesis

  19. Polysaccharides • Putting together many monosaccharides • Storage of sugars • Starch (Plant) • Glycogen (Animals)

  20. Lipids Phat!

  21. Lipids • Waxy, Oily • 3 Functions: • store energy • form membranes • chemical messengers

  22. Lipids • Fatty Acids and Glycerol = lipid • Fatty acids are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end. • Glycerol – organic alcohol – 3C each attached to a hydroxyl group (-OH) - Triglyceride • Adding two or three fatty acids to glycerol forms many lipids.

  23. Lipids • Saturated and Unsaturated Lipids • Saturated – every carbon is attached to another carbon with a single bond – it has the maximum # of Hydrogen atoms • Unsaturated – If any of the C are bonded with a double bond, the fatty acid is unsaturated • Polyunsaturated – If the fatty acid contains several double bonds, it is polyunsaturated

  24. Lipids

  25. Lipids • Phospholipids – double ended molecule – one side dissolves in water the other side does not. • Forms Cell Membranes • Cholesterol is a sterol (type of lipid) – Important in cell membranes (keeps phospholipids from sticking together) • excess cholesterol is a risk factor of heart disease (clogs arteries)

  26. Proteins The meat of the matter!

  27. Amino Acids • Nitrogen containing • Polymers of amino acids

  28. Peptides • Bond that joins two amino acids is called a Peptide Bond. • Water molecule formed when peptide bond forms • What do we call this? … Dehydration Synthesis

  29. Peptide Bond Peptide Bonds

  30. Polypeptides • Polypeptide – long chain of peptides • One or more polypeptide chains, and sometimes other chemical groups, form a Protein. • Proteins are important for various reasons: • Help carry out chemical reactions • Pump small molecules out of cells • Ability of cells to move

  31. Enzymes Make it happen!

  32. Nucleic Acids Its all in the genes

  33. Nucleic Acids • RNA and DNA • Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus atoms • Polymers of nucleotides • Nucleotides are 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. • Nucleotides can be linked together to form polynucleotide. • Store and transmit genetic information

  34. Nucleic Acids

  35. Nucleic Acids

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