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Sec 7.3, Structures and Organelles

Sec 7.3, Structures and Organelles. Main Idea: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specialization and the separation of functions within the cell. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasm—the semi-fluid material that makes up the environment inside the plasma membrane. Cytoskeleton.

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Sec 7.3, Structures and Organelles

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  1. Sec 7.3, Structures and Organelles Main Idea: Eukaryotic cells contain organelles that allow the specialization and the separation of functions within the cell.

  2. Cytoplasm Cytoplasm—the semi-fluid material that makes up the environment inside the plasma membrane

  3. Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton-thin protein fibers that make provide a framework for the cell Also functions in cell movement and other activities. Made of microtubules and microfilaments

  4. Nucleus Nucleus-The brain of the cell Contains most of the cell’s DNA, in the form of chromatin.

  5. Nuclear envelope/Nucleolus • Nuclear envelope-membrane that surrounds the nucleus • Has pores to allow certain substances to enter and leave the nucleus • Nucleolus-site inside the nucleus that produces ribosomes

  6. Ribosomes • Ribosomes-an organelle that helps manufacture proteins • They are made of RNA and protein • They are NOT membrane-bound • ALL cells have ribosomes (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) • Can be free-floating in the cytoplasm or on another organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum

  7. Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)—membrane system of folded sacs and interconnected channels that make proteins and lipids ER has a large surface area because of all the pleats and folds 2 Types of ER Rough ER, has ribosomes attached to it Smooth ER, has no ribosomes attached to it

  8. Golgi Apparatus and Vacuoles Golgi apparatus—a flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into sacs called vesicles Vacuoles—membrane-bound vesicles for temporary storage of materials in the cytoplasm Can store food, enzymes, waste, etc. Animal cells don’t usually have vacuoles, and if they do they are very small.

  9. Lysosomes Lysosomes—vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, bacteria and viruses The membrane around the lysosome keeps it from digesting the rest of the cell

  10. Mitochondria • Organelles that convert fuel particles into usable energy • Has an outer membrane an a highly folded inner membrane with a large surface area • Referred to as the “powerhouses” of cells

  11. Chloroplast/Cell Wall • Chloroplasts-organelles that captures light energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis • Cell wall—thick, rigid mesh of fibers that surrounds the plasma membrane • Protects the cell and provides support

  12. Comparing Cells • Plant cells vs. Animal cells • Plant cells contain chlorophyll/chloroplast, large vacuoles and a cell wall. Animal cells do not.

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