Foundations of Humanity to 600 Common Era

1. Foundations of Humanity to 600 Common Era Paleolithic through Neolithic Ages River Valley Civilizations Classical Empires Religions

2. Paleo through Neo

3. Paleolithic AgeThe First Humans on Earth The first Human species ever found was discovered about three to four million years ago. The species was Homo Erectus. Later, about 100,000 to 250,000 years ago, a new species emerged. The Homo Sapiens Sapiens emerged which is what we are today. Homo Erectus

4. Paleolithic Age Political: • Nomadic peoples • Fought within communities and with other communities • Hunter-gatherer communities Economic: • Hunters would kill food whenever possible in order to feed the people • Gatherers would search for edible plants • Never really a food surplus.

5. Paleolithic Age Religions: • Polytheistic and Animist religions • Belief in an afterlife • Religions explained the environment around them • Buried their dead Social: • Equality between genders • Speech develops • Hunters were men and Gatherers were women

6. Paleolithic Age Intellectual: • Developed speech • Domestication of animals • Simple stone tool use • Animal skin clothing • Tamed fire • Speech is developed • Growing brain capacity Area: • Migrated across the world • When the ice age ended and fire had been tamed they were able to migrate father north and south • Many located in the fertile Middle East.

8. Mesolithic Age From Paleo to Neo Warfare increased during the Mesolithic age due to improvements in weaponry. Religions from the Paleolithic age were continued and new and more elaborate social organizations were formed. Domesticated cows, used animal bones for precise things such as needles, and learned to sharpen and shape stone and wood for tools.

9. Neolithic Age (Began with the Agricultural Revolution) Political: • Cities were formed • Trade conducted over long distances • Information shared between peoples • Cities were formed because agriculture allowed them to stay in one spot. Economic: • Tool use • Agriculture first developed in the middle east • Mainly farmed wheat and barley • Less hunting because when the ice age ended larger mammals like mammoths began to become extinct. • Continued domestication of animals • Food Surplus allowing specialization.

10. Neolithic Age Religion: • Continuation of the traditional beliefs of the different areas Social: • Population increases due to food surplus • More conflicts, diseases, and advances because of concentrated living • Less equality between genders

11. Neolithic Age Intellectual: • Bronze and copper tool use • Potters wheel • Log rafts and dugouts • Agriculture invented • Irrigation systems • Built cities with houses and walls • Used animal bones to make pinpoint instruments such as needles. Area: • Human species spread over a wider area of the Earth • People spread discoveries from one civilization to others across Eurasia. • Cities and Agricultural societies mainly, some nomadic herding left.

12. River Valley Civilizations Mesopotamia (Sumerians), Indus Valley (Harappan Civilization), Yellow River (Shang Dynasty), Nile (Ancient Egypt)

13. Mesopotamia • Located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers • Sumer, Babylon, and Persia were the three main peoples that had control of the area.(In order) • Sumerians developed cuneiform and a twelve month calendar. They were polytheistic and built temples called ziggurats to appease the gods. Conquered by 1700 BCE. • The city of Akkad arose in Sumer’s decline and developed the first known code of laws. They were quickly conquered by the Babylonians. King Hammurabi extended on the code of laws making Hammurabi's code. • The Persians conquered the Babylonians and extended their Empire. More will be said about the Persian Empire later on.

14. Mesopotamia • In Sumerian politics Kings were military leaders during times of war. Sumerians used slaves. • Invented the wheel, learned about fertilizers and adopted silver as a form of money.

15. Ancient Egypt • Located along the Nile River (northernmost parts) • United under King Menes. Rulers were known as pharaohs; obelisks and pyramids were constructed. Developed a system of writing known as hieroglyphics. • Dependent on trade. • Religion was polytheistic focused on the afterlife. • Later in its history, Ancient Egypt had a female ruler, the first ever. Her name was Queen Hatsahepsut. She expanded trade. • Women had a substantial amount of rights compared to other empires at this time. • Caste system: Pharaohs, priests, nobles, merchants, skilled artisans, peasants. • Syrian and Persian Empires conquered Ancient Egypt by 1100 B.C.E.

16. Harappan Civilization • Founded along the Indus River and built several large cities with running water including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. • Strong central government led by priest-kings. • Organized states and cities set up on grid systems. • Connections with Mesopotamia and outside world through Khyber Pass. • Grew cotton and made cloth to trade. • The Aryans took over the Indus River Valley Civilization and introduced Hinduism to the area. • Aryan caste system: warriors, priests (Brahmans), peasants.

17. Yellow River Civilization • Built along the Yellow River (Hwang Ho Valley). • Shang Dynasty ruled. • Agriculture surplus made this civilization a trade centered society. • Limited trading with the outside world • Had bronze workers, horse-drawn chariots, and invented the spoked wheel • Patriarchal society headed by the eldest male

18. Yellow River Civilization Zhou Dynasty: • Believed in the Mandate of Heaven • Developed a feudal system in China similar to the later feudal system in Europe • The King was the ruler of the entire empire and the nobles ruled smaller regions. • The nobles gained too much power and split into several smaller kingdoms that formed bureaucracies; These smaller kingdoms continued for thousands of years until internal fighting brought an end to the Zhou dynasty in 256 BCE.

19. Other things going on Bantu Migrations • In West Africa, farmers in the Niger and Benue rivers began to migrate South and East. • As they migrated they became nomadic peoples and intermarried with native peoples. • Herded goats and sheep, used iron, and grew bananas. • Language adapted to different regions • Could not spread north because of the Sahara. • Reached the tip of Africa

20. Classical Empires

21. Early People in the Americas Olmecs 1400 to 1200 BCE • Located in East Central Mexico to the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. • Urban society supported by surpluses of corn, beans, and squash. • Mastered irrigation and large scale building • Mother civilization of Central America

22. Early People in the Americas Toltecs • First major city-state in central Mexico was Teotihuacan • Took over Teotihuacan in 900 BCE. • Built pyramids and temples • Extremely warlike people • Worshipped warlike Gods • Influenced the Mayan culture

23. Early People in the Americas Mayans 300 BCE to 800 CE • Collection of city-states ruled one king • Built pyramids and wrote using hieroglyphics • Complex calendar system. • Tikal was the most important Mayan political system. • Divided their cosmos into three parts: Heavens above, humans in the middle, and underworld below • Believed humans were made out of corn • Used the rigid field system for agriculture • Cotton and corn were wildly cultivated

24. Empires in India Mauryan Dynasty (321 to 180 BCE) • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya when Alexander the Great died • Led to the rise of the Gupta Empire • Powerful and wealthy because of trade in silk, cotton, and elephants to Mesopotamia and the Eastern Roman Empire • Located along the southern edge of the Himalayan mountains • Asoka Maurya (became king in 269) converted the country to Buddhism

25. Empires in India Gupta Empire 320-550 CE • After Asoka’s death Chandra Gupta took power. • Advances in art and science. • Hinduism became the dominant religion in India and made the social structure very rigid. • Women lost almost all of their rights • Chandra Gupta II took power and helped the empire but when he died India went into turmoil. • High taxes to maintain a large army. • Had tax on water • Improved road conditions

26. China Qin Dynasty 221-209 BCE • Started the Great Wall Of China • Qin Shihuangdi was the first emperor. He centralized the Feudal kingdoms of the Zhou Dynasty. • Dominant belief system is legalism • Strong economy based on agriculture • Powerful army equipped with iron weapons

27. China Han Dynasty 200BCE-200CE • Liu Bang came to power at the end of the Qin dynasty • Tried to establish a central government by killing local kings • Gained peoples favor by lowering taxes and softening harsh punishment • Wu Di expanded the empire through war • Big religious focus was Confucianism • Traded wheat and rice along the silk road • Continued to expand the Great Wall of China • Had civil service exams and invented paper. • Had slaves, no middle class, and practiced footbinding • Farming became an honored profession • Peasants had to give a months labor and military service in addition to taxes. • Expanded to modern day Korea, Manchuria, and Vietnam

28. Greece • Helped invent the concept of representative government • Used sea routes to expand trade and cultural diffusion • Athens became a dominant city for commercial activity • Greece developed a money system • A polis (Greek city-state) was independent from others and they often had internal fighting • Two main city-states were Athens and Sparta • Athens was a cultural center and Sparta was an agricultural and militaristic region • All Spartan boys were trained militarily and even some girls. • Social structure in each polis was citizen, free people with no political rights, and noncitizens (slaves).

29. Greece • Athens developed the first democracy, Draco and Solon pushed for the movement • War with Persia united all of Greece during the Persian Wars. The war ended in a stalemate and Greece entered the Golden Age of Pericles • Pericles ruled Athens and established the Delian League (all Greece would unite against a common enemy). • Greece advanced a lot in science, math, and philosophy. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are among the most famous of Greek thinkers. • Homer wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey, two very important literature pieces. • In the Peloponnesian War in 431 BCE, Sparta defeated Athens but at a great cost. They were so weakened that Philip of Macedon invaded and took over Greece.

30. Alexander the Great 356-323 BCE • Alexander the Great was the son of Philip of Macedon • Alexander respected Greek culture immensely and instead of destroying it he adopted it and spread it across his empire. • Alexander expanded his empire east and conquered much of the Persia • He built the city of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the most advanced cities in the world at its time

31. Alexander the Great • As Alexander conquered his enemies he gave them two options, surrender and serve or die. He used this to unite his empire and instead of destroying cultures he spread them to the rest of his empire. • Alexander’s men were weary after the rapid expansion of the empire and eventually Alexander had to stop advancing. • Alexander returned to Alexandria but died of sickness before he could establish a good government to continue after he died. • The empire split up soon after he died. (died at age 33)

32. Rome 509 BCE-476 CE • City of Rome formed in 625 BCE • Began as a monarchy, switched to a republic, then switched back to a monarchy • Social structure: patricians (land-owning nobles), plebeians (free men), and slaves • Government in the republic was made up by the senate and the Assembly • Laws evelved from Hammurabi’s code into the Twelve Tables of Rome. • Roman women could own property but were still seen as inferior to men • Rome expanded rapidly and came into conflict with Carthage which started the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE) • Hannibal, a Carthaginian general, led a surprise attack on Rome from the north and almost destroyed Rome but had to retreat back to Carthage because Romans were attacking.

33. Rome • In the First Triumvirate, Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar rose to power and fought the senate. Julius Caesar was the main one and was assassinated by members of the senate. • The Second Triumvirate: Octavius, Marc Antony, and Lepidus. Octavius rose to power, changed his name to Augustus Caesar, and ruled Rome as an empire under a single ruler.

34. Religions

35. Religions Christianity Islam • Began in Israel from 1-33 CE • Jesus is the main prophet • Their god is God • Holy book: Bible • Spread worldwide • Branches: Catholic, Protestant, Orthodox • Believe in reaching salvation through Christ and the Ten Commandments • Muhammad was born around 570 BCE.

36. Religions Hellanism Hinduism • Originated in Greece, 300BCE to 300CE • Leader was Alexander the Great • God: Zeus • Believed in education and thought about gods as having human qualities • Does not exist today • Orginated in India, 4000-2000 BCE • Gods: Brahma=creator, Vishnu=protector, Shivna=destroyer • Holy Book: Vedas and Upanishadas • Located in India, China, and Southeast Asia today • Branches: Vaishnavaism, Shivais, and more • Four aims: Karma, Darma, Moksha, nervana. (reincarnation)

37. Religions Buddhism Confucianism • Originated in Northern India, 563-460BCE • Prophet: Buddha • Holy book: 4 noble truths. 8 fold path • Located mainly in Southeast Asia today • Branches: Theravada, Zen, Mahajana, Vajrayana, Tibetan, Modern • Practice equality and being at peace with yourself. • Originated in China, late 500s BCE • Prophet: Confucius • Holy book: analects, 5 classics • Located in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam today • Branches: Daoism, neoconfucianism • Philosophy: showing excellent character. Yin and Yang

38. Religions daoism Shintoism • Formed in China, 6th century BCE • Prophet: Lao Tzu • Holy Book: Dao De Jing, Way of the Tao • In China, Taiwan, and Korea today. • Is a branch of Confucianism • Believe everything has and opposite. Believe in human and nature in harmony • Originated in Japan, 550 BCE • Prophet: Yamoto clan • Gods: Kamis, nature gods • Holy Book: Kojoki, Rokkokush, ShokuNihongi, JinnoShotoki • Branch of Confucianism • In Japan and Asia today • Philosophy: Four Affirmations

39. Religions Judaism • Formed in Israel, 2000 BCE • Prophets: Moses, Abraham, Solemon, David • God: Yahweh • Holy Book: Torah • Mainly in Israel today • Branches: reform, orthodox, conservative, Christianity, Islam • Philosophy: Ten Commandments, Love and Obey God

40. Sources Images: http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HsHLYozEDU