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Early Societies and Civilizations: From Foundations to Empires

Explore the foundations of early societies from 8000 B.C.E. to 600 C.E., including urbanization, nomadic peoples, empire building, and the spread of religion. Learn about the role of climate, geography, and new technologies in shaping these civilizations.

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Early Societies and Civilizations: From Foundations to Empires

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  1. Foundations: 8000 B.C.E.- 600 C.E.

  2. Finding Early Historical Evidence • Types of Sources • Changing interpretations and new evidence

  3. Foundations Key Terms • Interaction and Exchange • Urbanization • Nomadic Peoples • Axial Age • Empires • Spread of Religion

  4. Role of Climate and Geography in Early Societies • Imagine how early societies may have been affected. • How do you think early peoples responded? • What difference would geography make in the long term development of a society?

  5. Population • Demography-the study of characteristics and dynamics pertaining to a human population • What factors influence population growth and decline? • Environmental • human

  6. Early Migrations

  7. Nomadic Peoples • Hunting-gathering lifestyle (!Kung people) • Labor/ leisure • Population growth • Gender relations

  8. Rise of Agriculture • Spontaneous separate development – why, where and when? • Diffusion of specific plants and techniques • Connected Technological changes • Pastoral societies • Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia

  9. Nature of village settlements • This land is my land, not your land • Impact of agriculture on the environment • Introduction of key stages of metal use

  10. Birth of New Technologies • Fire • Bronze • Iron

  11. Civilizations?

  12. What is a Civilization? • Standard criteria: • ethics • material • Origins of term- • Complex cultures assume they are superior to barbarian cultures • Use of term?

  13. Basic Features of Early Civilizations • Different • Environments • Culture • State • Social structure • Know enough to compare them

  14. Early Societies • Mesopotamia • Egypt • Indus Valley or Harrapan • Shang or Yellow River (Huang He) • MesoAmerica and Andean South . American

  15. Egypt Predictable flood Mesopotamia Irregular flooding Comparison of Egypt and Mesopotamia

  16. What about ? Egypt Mesopotamia • Political System • Social Structures • Religion • Women’s Roles

  17. Early Societies • Mesopotamia • Egypt • Indus • Shang • Mesoamerica and Andean South America

  18. Shared Features

  19. Unique characteristics

  20. Urbanization • Comparisons between urban, pastoral and nomadic life

  21. Classical Societies • Axial age- • Why then? • Results: • Religion • Politics • Social Structure • Gender relations

  22. Axial Age Thinkers

  23. Empire Building • What does an empire require? • What do its subjects expect? • Symbols of legitimacy

  24. Symbols of Legitimacy

  25. Achievements • Greek science and philosophy • Roman law and architecture • Political organization in Han China • Spiritual and artistic developments in Gupta India

  26. Urbanization and Gender • How might gender roles be affected as peoples settled?

  27. Origins of World Belief Systems • Polytheism

  28. Origins of World Belief Systems • Hinduism

  29. Origins of World Belief Systems • Judaism

  30. Origins of World Belief Systems • Confucianism

  31. Origins of World Belief Systems • Daoism

  32. Origins of World Belief Systems • Buddhism

  33. Origins of World Belief Systems • Christianity

  34. Origins of World Belief Systems • Islam

  35. Diffusion of Belief Systems

  36. Collapse of Empires • Why do Empires fall?

  37. Interregional Networks of People by 600 C.E. • Silk Roads • Mediterranean trade • Indian Ocean trade • Meso and Andean American trading

  38. Silk Routes

  39. Mediterranean Trade Routes

  40. Indian Ocean Trade

  41. Conclusions • How do we know what we know? • How does change happen? • What results stem from interaction through migration, trade or pilgrimage? • Why do world historians need to pose questions differently than regional specialists?

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