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Zoology 2100 Human Anatomy Dr. Nicole Okazaki

Zoology 2100 Human Anatomy Dr. Nicole Okazaki. Time: 11-11:50 am (MWF) Location: Room LL 126 Office hours : to be posted on line Office: 408M Phone: 626-6168

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Zoology 2100 Human Anatomy Dr. Nicole Okazaki

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  1. Zoology 2100 Human AnatomyDr. Nicole Okazaki Time: 11-11:50 am (MWF) Location: Room LL 126 Office hours: to be posted on line Office: 408M Phone: 626-6168 Email: nokazaki@weber.edu

  2. Syllabus • Textbooks: • Required: Human Anatomy 2nd ed. McKinley&O’Loughlin McGraw and Hill • Recommended: Anatomy & Physiology Revealed (CD set volume 1-4) • Recommended: Dictionary of word roots and combining forms, Borror. • Laboratory manual: • Required: Human Anatomy. C. Eckels, McGraw Hill. • Recommended: The Anatomy Student’s Self-Test Coloring Book.

  3. Syllabus • Course website: • Lecture slides, this syllabus, course notes, grades etc. will be posted on the eWeber portal (WSU online/Blackboard/WebCT). • If space allows, notes will be posted on this website: faculty.weber.edu/nokazaki

  4. Syllabus • Credit: 4 h (3 for class + 1 for lab) • Grading: - 4 lecture exams (including the cumulative final): 450 points - Class quizzes 100 points - 2 lab exams: 200 points + Weekly lab quizzes: 96 points - Total possible points = 846 points • Class exams • Each “midterm” exam will be 100 points + Final exam 150 points • Each “midterm” exam (other than the final), will cover material from after the previous exam to present (not cumulative) • Final is a cumulative exam

  5. Syllabus • Tests: • Exams will be Chi-tester exams given over 2-3 days. • Exams can be taken at any testing centers with a proctored computer room (6 locations at WSU) • There are no makeup .You must have a valid documented excuse for missing a test and you must notify the instructor of your inability to take the test prior to the beginning of the test period. • A missed test will result in a 0 in the test.

  6. Syllabus • Laboratory: • Two (2) laboratory exams • Week 7 • Week 15 (lab final) • Each lab exam = 100 points • About 9 lab quizzes • Each quiz = 12 points • You can drop your worst grade (more on this later) • Total of 96 quiz points

  7. Grading scale • There are no extra credit opportunities or making up missed exams: YOU NEED EVERY POINT!!!! The grading scheme is standardized: • A = 100-93% B- = 92-80% D+ = 69-67% • A- = 92-90% C+ = 79-77% D = 66-63% • B+ = 89-87% C = 76-73% D- = 62-60% • B = 86-83% C- = 72-70% E = Below 60%

  8. Syllabus • Laboratory: • Lind Lecture Hall 003 • Go outside, opposite end of this building from the science lab (facing the road), down the stairs. Almost looks like a loading dock/shipping & receiving area. Look for a big sign on the door. • Lab will often be open from 8:00-21:00 weekdays. • Note: this is in addition to your assigned lab times. In between “formal lab times”, there will be open study periods. • See your lab instructors for these actual “open” times. • You cannot skip or trade labs. The labs are currently full up. • Snaking someone else’s lab makes it unfair for everyone who makes the effort to do it right…don’t be a ____.

  9. Syllabus • Laboratory: • The use of human cadavers is a privilege, NOT a right. • You CANNOT bring friends, family etc. into the cadaver lab UNLESS they are enrolled in this course. • Treat the cadavers with respect: they were someone’s loved one at one time.

  10. Syllabus • SPELLING • Anatomy is all about spelling • Spelling errors WILL COST you. • On an exam, if there is a fill-in-the-blank question, and you misspell (1-2 incorrect letters), you lose ½ point. • On a lab quiz, or the lab exams, if you misspell, you lose ½ point. • Words spelled completely incorrectly (more than 1-2 incorrect letters) will be considered incorrect. • Why?!?!?! • If you misspell on a diagnosis or surgical request, it might result in amputation of the incorrect limb, or incorrect drug administration and patient death.

  11. Syllabus • Class etiquette: • Turn off your cell phones • If “texting” during class is important to you, do the class a favor: do not come … why did you take the class in the first place? • If you have a question, ask during class. Chances are, others have the same question. • Questions and discussion are welcome during class. • Cheating: it’s not worth it. If you’re caught, the punishment will ruin your academic career and any chances of medical school, nursing etc.

  12. Syllabus • Students with disabilities: • Please contact the Services for Students with Disabilities office (SSD) in room 181 of the Student Service Center. • 626-6413, TTY = 626-6850 • www.weber.edu/ssd

  13. Syllabus • Pregnancy: • Students who are, want to, or become pregnant should consult with their physician before continuing with this course. • We will be working with cadavers. The fumes are not the most ideal thing to expose the fetus to.

  14. Anatomy SI

  15. Supplemental Instruction • The S.I. program at Weber State aids students in lower division classes that have a lower than average pass rate, but are required for students to move on in their education. • The program is free for everyone to attend and get help, you do not get points or graded but is has been shown to help students tremendously in the class. • There will be three SI sessions held every week, times will be determined by next week.

  16. Objectives of the SI Contact Info: • Go over information presented in class. • Answer any questions. • Review test material. • Look at pictures and slides from class.

  17. Introduction

  18. Anatomy • Anatomy: study of structure • Can be surface structure (2 eyes, 5 fingers) • Can be through dissection (cutting open, cutting apart) • Cadaver, live patient, other animals with similar anatomy • “Gross anatomy”: what you can see with your eyes, and feel with your hands • “Histology”: using a microscope to magnify, so you can see cells and cell structures

  19. Human structure “hierarchy of complexity” Organ system(group of organs with a particular purpose ie. Cardiovascular system) - Organ(2 or more tissue types that work together to perform a function ie. Heart) - Tissue(mass of similar cells that are part of an organ) - Cells(smallest unit that carries out basic life functions…nothing smaller than a cell is considered “alive”) Organelle (microscopic structures within a cell that help the cell function) Molecule (components of the organelles…protein, DNA, atoms etc.)

  20. Anatomic variation • We understand that not everyone is exactly the same • Different races, hair color, eye color, sex etc. • Some people have different anatomy • Situs invertus (then the heart is placed opposite of the “normal” location) • What is “normal” or “average”? • Male: 22 years old, 70 Kg (154 Lbs), eats 2800 Kcal, in decent shape • Female: 22 years old, 58 Kg (128 Lbs), eats 2000 Kcal, in decent shape

  21. Characteristics of life • Organization • Cellular composition • Metabolism • Excretion • Responsiveness 6. Homeostasis 7. Development 8. Reproduction 9. Evolution

  22. Characteristics of life • Organization: • Living things are organized far more than non-living things (you’re more complex than a rock) • Cellular composition: • Living things are composed of cells • Metabolism: • Living things change molecules to control life • Anabolism: make something (protein from amino acid) • Catabolism: break down something (amino acid from protein)

  23. Characteristics of life 4. Excretion: • We must get rid of the waste products formed during metabolism • Very few molecules in your body last longer than 1 year, they have to be made and broken down constantly (some cells last your lifetime). 5. Responsiveness: • Must be able to sense and respond to stimuli • Boiling water: if you’re alive, you’ll pull your hand out…if you’re dead, you’ll leave it in

  24. Characteristics of life (4) 6. Homeostasis: • Maintain a stable internal environment (internal stability) • Not a “slave” to the environment 7. Development • Change in form or function over time • Differentiation: when you develop from non-specific “mass” to functionally and structurally distinct form (fertilized egg  fetus) • Growth: when you grow in size 8. Reproduction: • All living beings can reproduce or produce “copies

  25. Characteristics of life 9. Evolution: • All living things have the ability to mutate or change their genetic makeup over time • Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, yearly strain of the flu virus etc.

  26. Anatomical terms

  27. Terms • Anatomical position • When you are standing straight up, feet flat on the ground (no shoes), arms at your side, and palms facing forward • It is from this position that the rest of the anatomical terms will be derived

  28. Terms • Supine vs. prone • Remember that the “anatomical position” means that you stand with your palms facing forward • Supine = palms forward (towards the front) • Prone = palms backward (towards your back) • Important because of the way your forearm bones are “ “ “ placed: • Supine = radius & ulna parallel • Prone = radius & ulna crossed • Also: body laying face down: prone “ “ “ up : supine

  29. Terms • Supine vs. prone • In the anatomical position, the forearm bones are parallel (your forearms are supine)

  30. Saggital plane Terms • Anatomical “planes” • Like a pane of glass, or slice through your body • Sagittal plane: cuts your body in right and left • A line that cuts from the nose to belly button

  31. Terms • Sagittal plane • This “cut” DOES NOT have to be through your center • IF IT IS through your center (and divides you in half, or divides an ORGAN in half) = median or mid-sagittal plane • If it DOES NOT cut you or an organ in half = sagittal plane

  32. Terms Mid-sagittal plane (median sagittal plane) Cuts the body cavity in half, but legs are not cut in half Legs are in “sagittal plane”

  33. Terms Sagittal plane Body is not cut in half…the “cut” is now considered sagittal, NOT median or mid-saggital Right leg now in median or mid-sagittal plane

  34. Terms • Anatomical “planes” • Frontal plane (coronal): Cuts your body into front and back halves • A line that cuts across your body from 1 shoulder to the other

  35. Terms • Anatomical “planes” • Transverse plane: cuts across your body perpendicular or at a right angle to your height • Divides your body into UPPER and LOWER portions • A cut across your belt line, or if a hula-hoop cut you in half

  36. Terms • Anatomical “planes” • Note that the sagittal, frontal and transverse planes do not necessarily have to CUT YOU IN HALF • There are times when these “cuts” are made in organs • Like the sagittal plane of the leg, or a sagittal plane of an eyeball…these wouldn’t cut your body in half, but they’d cut that organ in half

  37. Terms • “Directional” terms • Used to describe the “location” or “direction” on your body • Usually to describe the location of 1 organ to another • More “scientific” way of saying that your heart is “above your stomach, and in front of in front of your lungs”

  38. Terms • “Directional” terms • Ventral: towards your front • “your nose is ventral to your ears” • Dorsal: towards your back • “your ears are dorsal to your nose” • Anterior: towards your front • Like “ventral”… “your nose is anterior to your ears” • Posterior: towards your back • Like “dorsal” … “your ears are posterior to your nose”

  39. Terms • “Directional” terms • Trick question: which directional term (ventral or dorsal) are your nails facing (or which side of your body are your nails on)? • Hint: think “anatomical position”

  40. Terms • “Directional” terms • Trick question: which directional term (ventral or dorsal) are your nails facing (or which side of your body are your nails on)? • Nails are on your dorsal surface • Recall that the anatomical position calls for your palms to face forward…your nails would face your back • If we could get into a truly anatomical position, the soles of your feet would also face forward!

  41. Terms • “Directional” terms • Superior: “above” something else • “Your head is superior to your heart” • Inferior: “below” something else • “your feet are inferior to your hands” • Note: “superior” and “inferior” refer to the position when you are in the “anatomical position” (standing up)

  42. Terms • “Directional” terms • Medial: Towards the middle • “Your heart is medial to your lungs” • “Your nose is medial to your ears” • Lateral: Away from the middle (towards a side) • “Your arms are lateral to your heart” • “Your ears are lateral to your nose” • Ipsilateral = on the same side: “your right arm and right leg are ipsilateral” • Contralateral = on opposite sides: “your arms are contralateral to each other”

  43. Terms • “Directional” terms • Proximal: closer to the origin or attachment point • “Your elbow is proximal to your shoulder” • “Your knee is proximal to your hip” • Distal: Farther from the origin or attachment point • “Your wrist is distal to your shoulder” • “Your ankle is distal to your hip”

  44. Terms • “Directional” terms • Superficial: Close to the body surface (when looking from the inside towards the skin) • “You can see superficial scars because they’re on the surface” • “You can see superficial bruises because they’re close to the surface” • Deep: Closer to the inside of the body (farther from the surface of the body) • “Bones are deep to the muscle”

  45. Terms • Body regions: • Used to denote specific regions of the body (arms, legs, ankles etc.) • Body is divided into 2 main regions during an exam (physical) • Axial: head, neck, torso (trunk) • Trunk is subdivided into thoracic and abdominal regions • Appendicular: NOT “ your appendix”…your appendages • Extremities…arms, legs, limbs

  46. Terms • Axial regions • Cephalic: your head • Cranial: the back of your head • Facial: limited to your face • Cervical: front of your neck • Nuchal: back of your neck

  47. Terms • Axial regions • Thoracic: chest • Sternal: area in the center of your chest, the sternum • Pectoral: area around your breast • Scapular: area around your shoulder blades (on your back) • Interscapular: area between both of your shoulder blades (on your back) • Vertebral: area of your spine (on your back)

  48. Terms • Axial regions • Abdominal: abdomen, usually divided into 4 quadrants • Right upper quadrant: Your upper right • Right lower quadrant • Left upper quadrant • Left lower quadrant

  49. Terms • Axial regions • Abdominal: Can also be divided into 9 regions like a tic-tac-toe grid • If you draw 2 lines from the middle of your collarbone down to your pelvic bone = midclavicular lines • Subcostal line = line that runs horizontally (across) the bottom of your sternum • Also runs through the cartilage that holds your 10th rib together • Intertubercular line: line that runs horizontally (across) the “points” on your pelvic bone (the boney points on your hips)

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