The Enlightenment Spreads

1. The Enlightenment Spreads Chapter 6 Section 3

2. Main Ideas • Enlightenment ideas spread through the Western world and profoundly influenced the arts and government. • An “enlightened” problem-solving approach to government and society prevails in modern civilization today.

3. Introduction • Philosophe’s views often got them into trouble. • In France, it was illegal to criticize the Catholic Church or government. • Many were jailed or exiled. Ex. Voltaire • Enlightenment spread by books, magazines and word of mouth.

4. A World of Ideas • Paris was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe. • People came to study, philosophize & enjoy the culture of Paris  enlightened ideas. • Wealthy women held salons, social gatherings, to discuss ideas.

5. Diderot’s Encyclopedia • Marie Therese Geoffrin – most influential salon hostess • Helped finance Diderot’s project. • Diderot created a large set of books full of scholars’ essays and articles. • Called it an encyclopedia. • Began publishing it in 1751.

6. Ideas Circulate • Salons and the Encyclopedia  spread Enlightenment ideas. • Also, spread through newspapers, pamphlets & even political songs. • Middle class  literate • Attracted to ideas about government & equality.

7. New Artistic Styles • Ideals of order and reason are reflected in the arts. • Music, literature, painting & architecture

8. Neoclassical Style Emerges • Baroque art dominated Europe in 1600s and early 1700s. • Grand, ornate design • Neoclassical style developed. • New classical • Modeled after classical Greece and Rome • Simple and elegant

9. Changes in Music and Literature • Classical music emerged. • Franz Joseph Haydn • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart • Ludwig van Beethoven • Europeans began writing novels. • Plots, suspense and explored characters’ thoughts and feelings.

10. Enlightenment and Monarchy • Many philosophes believed that the best form of government was a monarchy in which the ruler respected the people’s rights. • Tried to convince monarchs to rule justly. • Some embraced new ideas and made reforms. • Became known as enlightened despots.

11. Enlightened Despots • Supported philosophes’ ideas. • Had no intention of giving up power. • Changes they made were motivated by two desires: • What would make their country stronger • What would make their rule more effective • Examples: Frederick the Great of Prussia, HRE Joseph II of Austria & Catherine the Great of Russia

12. Frederick the Great • King of Prussia – 1740-1786 • Granted religious freedoms • Reduced censorship • Improved education • Reformed the justice system & abolished torture • “the first servant of the state”

13. Joseph II • Ruled Austria from 1780-1790 • Introduced legal reforms • Freedom of the press • Freedom of worship • Abolished serfdom • When he died, most of his reforms were undone.

14. Catherine the Great • Ruled Russia from 1762-1796. • Ruled with absolute authority but wanted to reform Russia. • Reformed Russian law based on ideas of Montesquieu and Beccaria

15. Reforming Russia • Catherine recommended: • Religious toleration • Abolishing torture and capital punishment • Her commission did not accomplish these goals. • Eventually, passed limited reforms. • Did nothing to help peasants. • Serfs rose up against her. • Army crushed them. • Turned power of serfs over to nobles.

16. Think-Pair-Share • 1st – Think to yourself about the following the questions: • Do you support capital punishment? Why/why not? • 2nd – Pair up with the person beside you and discuss your stance on the issue. • 3rd – Share with the class.

17. Remember Peter the Great? • What did he need to gain access to Europe?

18. Catherine Expands Russia • Catherine wanted to access the Black Sea. • Defeated the Ottomans and gained control of northern shore.

19. Expanding into Poland • Conquered Poland with the help of Prussia and Austria. • Poland would not gain independence back until WWI.