Promoting Health

1. Promoting Health Feldman: Modules 4-3 4-4

2. Assessing Health The Bio-psycho-social Model • Biological: body, brain, genetic factors • Psychological: Lack of self-control, emotional turmoil, negative thinking/emotions, emotional stress • Social: social, economic, technological, religious aspects of cultures

3. Taking Care of Yourself in Adulthood • Nutrition/obesity • Exercise • Substance Abuse

4. Influences on Physical Growth & Health • Genetics • Infectious disease • Childhood injuries • Hormones • Emotional well-being • Nutrition

5. NUTRITION IN INFANCY • Infants need about 50 calories per pound per day: about twice the nutritional needs of adults • Breast feeding is better than formula and is recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for up to one year

6. Advantages of breast feeding Correct balance of fat & protein Protects against disease & tooth decay Easily digested Better cognitive development & visual acuity NUTRITION IN INFANCY

7. Breast feeding lowers risk of: later obesity allergies infections including diarrhea and otitis media cancer & breast cancer in mother SIDS NUTRITION IN INFANCY

8. NUTRITION IN INFANCY • Why mothers don’t breast feed. • Inability • Ignorance • Inconvenience • Illness (e.g., AIDS) • Use of drugs

9. leads to smaller body size leads to learning & behavior problems Attention, fine motor coord., IQ scores (effects may be long-term or permanent.) More of a problem in developing countries Marasmus and Kwashiorkor Malnutrition

10. marasmus due to insufficient calorie intake shrunken, wasted appearance Kwashiorkor protein deficiency feet and abdomen swell with water Malnutrition

11. Some studies found iron, zinc, & vitamin D deficiencies WIC – Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women , Infants, and Children (7,500,000 low-income participants) Malnutrition in Childhood:United States

12. Teenage Nutrition • Overall poor • Iron deficiency most common • Calcium deficiency due to bone growth • Obese children do not outgrow weight problems • Adolescent girls - fad dieting • Obesity also a problem

13. Anorexia Nervosa • Usually begins early to middle teens • Starts with serious dieting & life stress. • Most are female, high SES, white • Competitive & high achieving • Suffer malnutrition • 6% die of physical complications or suicide • Family therapy most successful treatment

14. Anorexia Nervosa • Weigh less than 85% of normal for age and height • Intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss • Distorted image of body shape. Appear fat to themselves even when very thin.

15. Bulimia Nervosa • Binge and purge pattern • Fear of overweight • Depressed & anxious • 90% women • Damage throat, stomach, teeth • Some perfectionists, lack self-control • Guilty and desperate to get help • About 70% recover

16. Obesity: U. S. & Western Nations There has been a marked rise in obesity in the U.S. and other Western nations. Percentage doubled since 1980; quadrupled since 1965 U.S. may have 2nd highest rate 15% of U.S. children 6-11 overweight Less common in African American than white children; trend reverses in adolescence

17. Consequences of Obesity • Problems with social acceptance • Stereotyped as lazy, sloppy, ugly, stupid, self-doubting, deceitful • Depressed, unhappy, bullied • Risk for high blood pressure, cholesterol, adult-onset diabetes, gallbladder disease, some cancers, early death, sleep apnea, hip problems

18. Treating Obesity • Individual/clinical programs work best (not school based) • Exercise is key • Moderate calorie restriction produces best long-term results • Behavioral therapy (e.g., keeping food diaries) also effective

19. Nutrition Adult Dieting • People who lost weight and maintain the loss become less depressed and reduce health risks. • Studies comparing weight-loss programs shows about equal effectiveness. • The most effective programs include exercise. • Yo-Yo dieting may increase health risks.

20. Nutrition: Vitamins & Aging • Those who take supplements show improved health & physical functioning • Protein supplements may increase muscle mass • Taking prescription drugs changes nutritional needs, rates of absorption • Effective doses, side-effects not known

21. Nutrition: Vitamins & Aging • Antioxidants (A,C, beta carotene) may slow aging & improve older adult health • Vitamin C deficiency associated with earlier death • Vitamin E associated with reduced heart risk • Calcium, vitamin D delay osteoporosis. • Zinc, B6, C, and E improve immune function • B vitamins improve cognitive function

22. Epidemics • Otitis media • Asthma • ADHD • Autism • Alzheimer’s • Macular Degeneration • Adult-onset Diabetes • Cardiovascular disease • - etc.

23. Negative Environmental Changes • Pollution of air • Water pollution (fluoridation) • Depletion of soil nutrients • Electromagnetic exposure • Genetic engineering • Exposure to chemicals

24. Foods reported as bad for you • Trans fat • MSG (monosodium glutamate) • High fructose corn syrup • GMO corn/soybean, etc. • GMO wheat (amylopectin A, gluten) • Hormones ( in meat, dairy, etc. ) • Chemical preservatives • Pesticides, etc. (used on produce)

25. Exercise

26. EXERCISE - CHILDREN • Only 22 % of U.S. children in grades 4-12 are physically active for at least 30 minutes every day. • Television & computer games are part of the problem. • Also other lifestyle issues • The problem tends to increase as children become adolescents.

27. Physical Education • The average American school child gets only 20 minutes of physical education per week. • Informal games should be emphasized rather than organized sports.

28. Exercise - Adulthood • Only 15-20% of Americans get 20 minutes of exercise 5 times per week. • Experts recommend that adults engage in 45 minutes or more of moderate physical activity on most or all days. • Some experts stress aerobic exercise – sustained activity that stimulates heart & lung function (jogging, cycling, swimming)

29. Exercise & Longevity • In one study, people who were less fit were more likely to die during the 8-year course of the study. • In another study of people in their 40s to the 80s, beginning an exercise program was associated with a 23% lower risk of death.

30. Benefits of Exercise • enhances the immune system. • reduces body fat and builds muscle. • linked with reduced rates of cancer, especially colon cancer. • strengthens the heart muscle and produces HDL cholesterol • reduces anxiety and depression, improves mood, and enhances alertness and energy.

31. Exercise & Aging • Strength training as well as aerobic exercise is recommended for older adults. • Endurance training produces gains in vital capacity to age 80 (oldest tested). • Weight-bearing exercise promotes muscle size and strength, blood flow to muscles to age 90 (oldest tested). • Exercise increases blood circulation to the brain & reduces cognitive declines.

32. Exercise & Aging (Singh, 2000) • Minimizes aging, contributes to health • Optimize body composition (muscle v. fat) • Prevents common diseases • Improves treatment of some diseases • Helps prevent & treat disabilities • Counteracts side-effects of standard medical care • Linked to increased longevity

33. SUBSTANCE ABUSE & ADDICTION • Smoking is related to many deaths • 30% of cancer deaths • 21% of heart disease deaths • 82% of chronic pulmonary disease deaths

34. Substance Use & Abuse • By HS graduation, 22 % of teens smoke, 60% have engaged in heavy drinking at least once, 50+% have experimented with illegal drugs • Experimenters usually quit • Abusers are more likely to be troubled and tend to become addicted

35. Smoking • Decreases delivery of oxygen to tissues • Limited night vision, skin wrinkling, loss of bone mass, lower sperm count, male impotence • Causes heart rate and blood pressure to rise • Increased risks of heart attack, stroke, and cancer of the mouth, throat, larynx, esophagus, lungs, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder • Considered the single most important preventable cause of death in industrialized nations

36. Substance Abuse • Half of all smokers have quit. U.S. men 50% in 1965 to 25%. • Most of the drop is among college graduates, • Decline among high-school students, but smoking among college students has risen. • Link between smoking and mortality is dose related

37. Trends in Drug Use: University of Michigan Institute for Survey Research • Drug use among high-school students in the U.S. declined (1980s), increased (1990s), and has recently leveled off. • U.S. still has the highest rate of adolescent drug use of any industrialized nation. • Increasing abuse of prescription and OTC medications (oxycontin, vicodin, adderal)

38. How Can Drug Use be Prevented? • Parental involvement • Setting limits • Monitoring • Early risk factors (kindergarten) • Male • Substance-abusing parent • Low level of parental reasoning • Low level of problem-solving skills

39. Drinking in College & Early Adulthood • Almost half of U.S. college students drink heavily. • They report problems with missed classes, grades, the police, physical injuries, & unprotected sex • About 44% binge drink, including 70% living away from home

40. SUBSTANCE ABUSE & ADDICTION • 13 million people in the U.S. are alcoholics • Yearly 25.000 people are killed and 1.5 million injured by drunk drivers • Alcohol is implicated in 65% of aggressive acts by males against females

41. Substance abuse slows by mid-20s • College students drink more than their age counterparts. • Those who don’t attend college smoke more. • Singles use marijuana more than married. • Drinking is heaviest among singles and divorced. • Religious people are less likely to take drugs.