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Circulation

Circulation. AHS. AHS. Your body resembles a large roadmap. There are routes or “arteries” that take you downtown to the “heart” of the city and “veins” that take you to the outskirts of town. . Cardiac Conduction System.

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Circulation

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  1. Circulation AHS AHS Your body resembles a large roadmap. There are routes or “arteries” that take you downtown to the “heart” of the city and “veins” that take you to the outskirts of town.

  2. Cardiac Conduction System • Cardiac muscle tissue exhibits autorhythmicity = generates its own stimulation. • This is possible because of an internal cardiac conduction system which can initiate and distribute electrical impulses.

  3. Cardiac Conduction System • Comprised of interconnected structures • Sinoatrial node • Atrioventricular node • Atrioventricular Bundle • Bundle Branches • Purkinje Fibres

  4. Sinoatrial (SA) Node • Natural Pacemaker • Upper RA • Neuromyocardial cells • Sympathetic & parasympathetic • Sympathetic ↑HR • Parasympathetic ↓HR

  5. Atrioventricular (AV) Node • Junction of atria and ventricles • Spread of depolarisation - from atrial myocardium • Delay 0.15 seconds • Time atria to expel blood • Time for ventricular filling • Protection to ventricles • Less autonomic nervous control than SA node • Sympathetic ↑conduction time • Parasympathetic ↓conduction time Atrioventricular node

  6. Linked to the nervous system

  7. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate • Stroke volume usually remains relatively constant • Starling’s law of the heart – the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction • Changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output

  8. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate • Increased heart rate • Sympathetic nervous system • Crisis • Low blood pressure • Hormones • Epinephrine • Thyroxine • Exercise • Decreased blood volume

  9. The Heart: Regulation of Heart Rate • Decreased heart rate • Parasympathetic nervous system • High blood pressure or blood volume • Dereased venous return

  10. Blood vessels and blood cells: The body’s transportation system Arteries Capillaries Veins

  11. Blood Vessels: The Vascular System • Taking blood to the tissues and back • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Venules • Veins Figure 11.8a

  12. Blood Vessels: One Way Streets Blood Vessels resemble very long and skinny tunnels that are all through your body Arteries carry blood away from the heart Veins carry blood to the heart Capillaries connect the two and are the drop off & pick up point

  13. Vessel walls composed of elastic fibers and smooth muscle Why do you think the muscle is so much thicker in the artery? The elastic fibers increase its elastic strength & the smooth muscles can change the diameter of the lumen Why would the diameter of the lumen need to be changed?

  14. NORMAL CORONARY ARTERY Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa

  15. Semi-lunar valves stop the back flow of blood The leg and abdominal muscles help blood flow upwards from the feet to the heart

  16. A Vein – note the thin wall and the semi-lunar valve

  17. Where substances enter & leave the blood Large surface area to volume ratio allows rapid diffusion of substances between blood and cells No cell in the body is more than 2 cells away from a capillary Wall is single layer of highly permeable endothelium Approximately 10 micrometers in diameter

  18. The Vascular System Figure 11.8b

  19. Capillary Exchange • Substances exchanged due to concentration gradients • Oxygen and nutrients leave the blood • Carbon dioxide and other wastes leave the cells

  20. Gas Exchange

  21. Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation Figure 11.11

  22. Major Veins of Systemic Circulation Figure 11.12

  23. Pulse • Pulse – pressure wave of blood • Monitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated Figure 11.16

  24. Blood Pressure • Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries • Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction • Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax • Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

  25. Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Tutorial Figure 11.18

  26. Variations in Blood Pressure • Human normal range is variable • Normal • 140–110 mm Hg systolic • 80–75 mm Hg diastolic • Hypotension • Low systolic (below 110 mm HG) • Often associated with illness • Hypertension • High systolic (above 140 mm HG) • Can be dangerous if it is chronic

  27. Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System • A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week • The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks • Few structural changes occur after the seventh week

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