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Chapter 34

Chapter 34. Water Treatment and Waterborne Diseases. Coliforms and Water Quality. What’s a coliform? Facultative aerobic Gram negative Non-spore forming Rods Ferment Lactose to acid and gas in 48hrs, 35 o C. Clicker Question:. Coliforms in Water Indicate Fecal Contamination.

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Chapter 34

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  1. Chapter 34 Water Treatment and Waterborne Diseases

  2. Coliforms and Water Quality What’s a coliform? Facultative aerobic Gram negative Non-spore forming Rods Ferment Lactose to acid and gas in 48hrs, 35oC Clicker Question:

  3. Coliforms in Water Indicate Fecal Contamination This is MI Medium that uses fluorescence and color to detect total coliforms and E. coli. Go to the next slide about ingredients and how this works.

  4. MI Agar Difco™ MI Agar Approximate Formula* Per Liter Proteose Peptone No. 3................................................ 5.0 g Yeast Extract................................................................ 3.0 g D-Lactose..................................................................... 1.0 g MUGal (4-Methylumbelliferyl-β-D-galactopyranoside)... 0.1 g Indoxyl-β-D-glucuronide (IBDG).................................... 0.32 g Sodium Chloride.......................................................... 7.5 g Dipotassium Phosphate................................................ 3.3 g Monopotassium Phosphate.......................................... 1.0 g Sodium Lauryl Sulfate................................................... 0.2 g Sodium Desoxycholate................................................. 0.1 g Celfsulodin…………………………………………………0.005g Agar.......................................................................... 15.0 This allows quantitation of total coliforms and fecal coliforms: Lactose use: β-galactosidase…..makes the colonies fluoresce. Glucuronidase…makes the colonies turn blue. Celfsulodin, SDS, NaDesoxycholate make the medium selective

  5. Quick Reactions Colilert: 100 mL samples. Yellow: coliforms Blue: E. coli Clear: no coliforms Clicker Question:

  6. Typhoid Fever Cases/yr Philadelphia

  7. Drinking (Potable) Water Purification Alum = K Al (SO4)2.12H2O added ~30-40 ppm results in flocculation of organic material and particles….which settle out in the Coagulation (Clarification) basin. Filtration is combinations of sand, activated charcoal and ion-exchangers. Chlorination, Cl2 gas or HOCl added to a residual 0.2 to 0.6 mg/L Some systems use UV light.

  8. The Other End: Sewage and Wastewater Two Goals: Effluent water should be free of pathogens (public health) + reduce the BOD (biological oxygen demand; environmental).

  9. Sewage Treatment

  10. Primary Treatment

  11. Secondary Treatment : Activated Sludge

  12. Secondary Treatment : Activated Sludge Wastewater circulates in the Activated Sludge tanks for 5 – 10 hours…reduces the BOD >95%.

  13. Secondary Treatment : Trickling Filter

  14. Secondary Treatment : Trickling Filter A

  15. Trickling Filters and Activated Sludge Both Rely On:Zoogloea ramigera

  16. Secondary Treatment Effluent Water Treated with chlorine…reduces biological contamination of the environment. Or treated with Ozone (O3). Tertiary Treatment : Removes Inorganic Nutrients Any combination of bioreactors, precipitation, filters and chlorination….removes phosphate, nitrate, nitrite. It is costly and not widely used.

  17. Secondary Treatment : Sludge Digestion

  18. Activated Sludge or Sludge from Anaerobic Digestion

  19. Home Septic System Clicker Question:

  20. Waterborne Microbial Diseases: Drinking Water

  21. Waterborne Microbial Diseases: Recreational Water

  22. Cholera, Number 1 Waterborne Disease Vibrio cholerae Gram negative, curved rod, facultative, oxidase positive, polar (in broth) and peritrichous flagella (on agar, viscous broths). Requires Na+ for growth, Natural habitat: estuaries, aquatic animal guts.

  23. V. cholera attaches to Plankton (Volvox)

  24. Cholera Infective Dose Ingestion of 108 to 109V. choleraein water is required to cause the disease. Ingestion of 104V. choleraein water with bicarbonate is enough to cause the disease. Even lower numbers when food is involved. Clicker Question:

  25. Cholera Toxin: Rice Water Stools Rice = flakes of intestinal mucus. Diarrhea = up to loss of 20 liters/day; contains ~108vibrios/mL Death through Dehydration

  26. Cholera Cot

  27. Pinched Skin

  28. Cholera Treatment Fluid Replacement Therapy - IV Balanced Salts + Glucose - Oral Balanced Salts +/- antibiotic. Fatality Rate Without Treatment = 30-50% With Treatment = <1% Antibiotics may shorten duration of the infection and reduce shedding viable cells, but do not influence the outcome of the disease.

  29. Typhoid Fever : Salmonella entericaTyphi • Incubation Period : 10 days – 3 weeks. • Symptoms: • Initial infection like enteritis: diarrhea • In lamina propera, S. Typhienters PMN’s and grows in phagosome (inhibits intracellular killing)  PMN is a vehicle (protects from complement) to infect liver, spleen, bone marrow, gall bladder, skin (rose spots). • Internal infection produces fever, infection in intestine bring about bloody stools (ulceration of intestinal lining). • mortality rate as high as 50%.

  30. Typhoid Fever – Active Carrier State Infection in Gall Bladder – is not cured by immune system, therefore bile contains S. Typhi. Every meal injects S. Typhiinto the duodeum insures feces have S. Typhi. Typhoid Mary : Mary Mallon. 1906 as a cook found working in homes having bouts of typhoid fever. She leaves and takes another job…leaving a trail of typhoid fever. Arrested in 1907 and released in 1910 on the promise she will not work as a cook. 1915 – found working and spreading typhoid fever in a hospital! Quarantined till her death (stroke) in 1938. Caused ~1300 cases of typhoid fever

  31. Typhoid Fever Clicker Question:

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