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CVS4, Fig. 8.1

Geochemically scarce. Copper Nickel Cobalt Lead Zinc Chromium Tin Mercury Gold Silver Platinum Rare-earth elements. CVS4, Fig. 8.1. Solid Solution = Atomic Substitution. Cobaltian calcite, (Ca,Co)CO 3. Pure calcite, CaCO 3. Atomic Substitution in Al 2 O 3 , Corundum. Ruby.

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CVS4, Fig. 8.1

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  1. Geochemically scarce Copper Nickel Cobalt Lead Zinc Chromium Tin Mercury Gold Silver Platinum Rare-earth elements CVS4, Fig. 8.1

  2. Solid Solution = Atomic Substitution Cobaltian calcite, (Ca,Co)CO3 Pure calcite, CaCO3

  3. Atomic Substitution in Al2O3, Corundum Ruby Gemstones Sapphire Cr3+ Al 3+ Fe2+ + Ti4+ 2Al3+ Structure of corundum Images from Wikipedia

  4. Geochemistry Meets Economics (from ore) ppm CVS4, Fig. 7.21 Crustal abund. Enrich-ment CVS4, Table 8.2 Minable grade CVS3, Fig. 8.2

  5. Typical Types of Minerals that are Ores of Geochemically Scarce Metals Base-metal sulfides Alloy- and specialty-metal oxides Dominated by sulfides, oxides, and native metals Native-element precious metals Platinum-group metals CVS4, Table 8.3

  6. CVS4, Fig. 8.16

  7. Precipitation by Hot Waters As in porphyry copper deposit CVS4, Fig. 8.20 Groundwater heated by igneous intrusion. Local heat source creates convection currents in the water. Leaching and pptn.

  8. Porphyry Copper Deposits of the World CVS4, Fig. 8.21 Porphyry copper deposits are clustered along coasts, above subduction zones.

  9. More Hot Water Copper, iron, and zinc sulfides precipitated in smoker “chimneys” Black smoker on the sea floor near mid-ocean ridge and rift http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/vents/nemo/education/curr_p1_11.html scienceblogs.com/highlyallochthonous/2007/07/precambrian_black_smokers.php

  10. Cooler Waters (around 100°C) CVS4, Fig. 8.24b Waters compressed out of sediments in a basin can move, leach metals, and precipitate minerals elsewhere.

  11. Lead-Zinc Deposits from Cool Waters CVS4, Fig. 8.24a About 2 hrs. south of St. Louis

  12. Even Colder Water: Ambient Temperature Density separation and concentration of minerals by the flow of (river) water Examples = gold, diamonds CVS4, Fig. 8.32

  13. South African Gold Deposits: Ancient Streams and Deltas Discovered by two prospectors in 1886 CVS4, Fig. 8.34

  14. Mineral chromite

  15. Growth in the copper industry (and use of copper) was spurred by the spread of electrification (copper wire) CVS4, Fig. 8.15

  16. Heat copper sulfide mineral Drive off sulfur gas (leaving metal behind) Trap sulfur gas BEFORE it reaches atmosphere. Learn from nature how microbes help to break down sulfide minerals and release metal

  17. From De Re Metallica (1558). Ancient metallurgists attempting to “win” various metals from their ore minerals by heating them.

  18. CVS4, Fig. 8.23

  19. Average grade (wt.% Cu) of copper ore mined in the U.S. over time. CVS4, Fig. 8.2

  20. ~ 1 ppm CVS4, Fig. 8.31 Average grade of gold ore mined in the US over time

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