POETRY TERMS

1. POETRY TERMS

2. FORM - the appearance of the words on the page LINE - a group of words together on one line of the poem STANZA - a group of lines arranged together A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day. POETRY FORM

3. KINDS OF STANZAS Couplet = a two line stanza Triplet (Tercet) = a three line stanza Quatrain = a four line stanza Quintet = a five line stanza Sestet (Sextet) = a six line stanza Septet = a seven line stanza Octave = an eight line stanza

4. SOME TYPES OF POETRY

5. BALLAD • Narrative poem (often sad) usually written in four-line stanzas to be sung often employing repetition of a refrain • Rhyme scheme: ABCB DEFE GHIH etc. • Meter: alternating iambic tetrameter and trimeter Examples in Text: “Get Up and Bar the Door” “Barbara Allan”

6. BALLAD from “Bold Robin Hood,” Bold RobinHood ranged the forest all round,    The forest all round rang'd he, And there did he meet with a gay lady,    Come weeping along the highway. Oh why do you weep my gay lady?    Why do you weep for gold or for fee? Oh why do you weep for anything else,    That was taken from any body. I do not weep for gold, she said,    Nor do I weep for any fee, Nor do I weep for any thing else,    That was stolen from any body. Then why do you weep? said jolly Robin,    I pray thee come tell unto me, Why do I weep? for my three sons,    For they're all condemned to die.

7. LYRIC • Written from singular point of view • Expresses observations & feelings • Does not tell a story and is often musical • Types of lyric: ode, elegy, sonnet

8. Solemn & formal lyric about death which may mourn a particular person or reflect on a serious or tragic theme like the passing away of youth, beauty, or a way of life. Example in Text: Thomas Gray’s “Elegy written in a Country Courtyard” ELEGY

9. EPIC long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Examples in Text: “Beowulf” John Milton’s “Paradise Lost”

10. A poem that tells a story. Generally longer than the lyric styles of poetry b/c the poet needs to establish characters and a plot. Examples of Narrative Poems: “The Lady of Shiloh” “The Raven” “Casey at the Bat” NARRATIVE POEMS

11. A formal lyric poem usually addressing a particular person or thing and serious in nature Examples of Odes: John Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale” John Dryden’s “A Song for St. Cecilia’s Day” ODE

12. A fourteen line poem with a specific rhyme scheme. . The first 12 lines set up a situation, and the ending couplet resolves or comments upon it The rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all too short a date. Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not fade Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st; Nor shall Death brag thou wanderest in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. ENGLISH OR SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET

13. Intricate nineteen-line French verse from 15th century Meter: iambic pentameter Rhyme scheme: a/c/b ab/c/a ab/c/b ab/c/a ab/c/b ab/c/a/b (“a” and “b” are complete lines repeated through the poem; ab” lines rhyme with “a” and “b”; “c” lines do not rhyme with “a” or “b”) Example in Text: Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night." VILLANELLE

14. In concrete poems, the words are arranged to create a picture that relates to the content of the poem. Poetry Is like Flames, Which are Swift and elusive Dodging realization Sparks, like words on the Paper, leap and dance in the Flickering firelight. The fiery Tongues, formless and shifting Shapes, tease the imiagination. Yet for those who see, Through their mind’s Eye, they burn Up the page. CONCRETE POEMS

15. SOUND EFFECTS

16. RHYTHM • The beat created by the sounds of the words in a poem • Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme, alliteration and refrain.

17. METER • A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. • Meter occurs when the stressed and unstressed syllables of the words in a poem are arranged in a repeating pattern. • When poets write in meter, they count out the number of stressed (strong) syllables and unstressed (weak) syllables for each line. They then repeat the pattern throughout the poem.

18. FOOT - unit of meter. A foot can have two or three syllables. Usually consists of one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables. TYPES OF FEET The types of feet are determined by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables. (cont.) METER cont.

19. METER cont. • TYPES OF FEET (cont.) Iambic - unstressed, stressed Trochaic - stressed, unstressed Anapestic - unstressed, unstressed, stressed Dactylic - stressed, unstressed, unstressed

20. METER cont. Kinds of Metrical Lines • monometer = one foot on a line • dimeter = two feet on a line • trimeter = three feet on a line • tetrameter = four feet on a line • pentameter = five feet on a line • hexameter = six feet on a line • heptameter = seven feet on a line • octometer = eight feet on a line

21. Unlike metered poetry, free verse poetry does NOT have any repeating patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. Does NOT have rhyme. Free verse poetry is very conversational - sounds like someone talking with you. A more modern type of poetry. FREE VERSE POETRY

22. Unrhymed iambic pentameter Suitable to create many moods and scenes, from loose and dreamlike to a factual story Marlowe, Shakespeare, Milton, Frost, and Yeats all chose blank verse for many of their writings BLANK VERSE POETRY Did Shakespeare, Marlowe, and other poets write in blank verse because it sounded natural, or did their use of blank verse influence speech so much that they made blank verse sound natural?

23. Shakespeare’s Macbeth Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! BLANK VERSE

24. Words sound alike because they share the same ending vowel and consonant sounds. (A word always rhymes with itself.) LAMP STAMP Share the short “a” vowel sound Share the combined “mp” consonant sound RHYME

25. END RHYME • A word at the end of one line rhymes with a word at the end of another line Sometimes I know the way You walk, up over the bay; It is a wind from that far sea That blows the fragrance of your hair to me. -from 'Absence' by Charlotte Mew

26. INTERNAL RHYME • A word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line. • “We three shall flee across the sea to Italy.” • Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered weak and weary. • From “The Raven” • by Edgar Allan Poe

27. a.k.a imperfect rhyme, close rhyme The words share EITHER the same vowel or consonant sound BUT NOT BOTH ROSE & LOSE -Different vowel sounds (long “o” and “oo” sound) -Share the same consonant sound SUPPER & BLUBBER -Different consonant sounds -Share same vowels sounds NEAR/SLANT/HALF RHYME

28. EYE -RHYME: LOOKS LIKE IT SHOULD RHYME, BUT DOESN’T through & although RIME RICHE WORDS SOUND IDENTICAL hare & hair lighted & delighted MORE RHYME

29. RHYME SCHEME • A rhyme scheme is a pattern of rhyme (usually end rhyme, but not always). • Use the letters of the alphabet to represent sounds to be able to visually “see” the pattern. (See next slide for an example.)

30. SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME • The Germ by Ogden Nash • A mighty creature is the germ, • Though smaller than the pachyderm. • His customary dwelling place • Is deep within the human race. • His childish pride he often pleases • By giving people strange diseases. • Do you, my poppet, feel infirm? • You probably contain a germ. a a b b c c a a

31. a repeated part of a poem, particularly when it comes either at the end of a stanza or between two stanzas “Quoth the raven, ‘Nevermore.’” REFRAIN

32. POETIC DEVICES

33. a direct address to a person, thing, or abstraction, "O Western Wind," "Ah, Sorrow, you consume us." APOSTROPHE

34. ENJAMBMENT • the continuation of a sentence or clause over a line-break Mimi Khalvati’s “Don’t Ask Me, Love, for That First Love” Don’t think I haven’t changed. Who said absence makes the heart grow fonder? Though I watch the sunset redden every day, days don’t grow longer.

35. CAESURA • a strong pause within a line John Mole’s “Coming Home” The son they love came home then went away. They asked him why he cried out every night. He didn’t tell them and he couldn’t stay. They try to reach him but he’ll never write. They lie together now. They sleep apart And still, in dreams, each breaks the other’s heart.

36. ASSONANCE • Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of poetry. • (Often creates near rhyme.) • Lake Fate Base Fade • (All share the long “a” sound.)

37. ASSONANCE cont. Examples of ASSONANCE: “Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.” • John Masefield “Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep.” - William Shakespeare

38. CONSONANCE • Similar to alliteration EXCEPT . . . • The repeated consonant sounds can be anywhere in the words • “silken,sad, uncertain, rustling . . “

39. OXYMORON • figure of speech in which two terms appear to contradict each other. deafening silence "I must be cruel only to be kind” -HAMLET

40. REVIEW OF LITERARY TERMS

41. SIMILE • A comparison of two things using “like, as than,” or “resembles.” “She is as beautiful as a sunrise.”

42. METAPHOR • A direct comparison of two unlike things • “All the world’s a stage, and we are merely players.” - William Shakespeare

43. EXTENDED METAPHOR • A metaphor that goes several lines or possible the entire length of a work.

44. ONOMATOPOEIA • Words that imitate the sound they are naming • BUZZ

45. An animal given human-like qualities or an object given life-like qualities. from “Ninki” by Shirley Jackson “Ninki was by this time irritated beyond belief by the general air of incompetence exhibited in the kitchen, and she went into the living room and got Shax, who is extraordinarily lazy and never catches his own chipmunks, but who is, at least, a cat, and preferable, Ninki saw clearly, to a man with a gun. PERSONIFICATION

46. ALLITERATION • Consonant sounds repeated at the beginnings of words • If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, how many pickled peppers did Peter Piper pick?

47. Allusion comes from the verb “allude” which means “to refer to” An allusion is a reference to something famous. A tunnel walled and overlaid With dazzling crystal: we had read Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave, And to our own his name we gave. From “Snowbound” John Greenleaf Whittier Allusion

48. IMAGERY • Language that appeals to the senses. • Most images are visual, but they can also appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or smell. then with cracked hands that ached from labor in the weekday weather . . . from “Those Winter Sundays”

49. When a person, place, thing, or event that has meaning in itself also represents, or stands for, something else. = Innocence = Peace SYMBOLISM

50. Hyperbole • Exaggeration often used for emphasis. Sarah Cynthia Sylvia Stout Would not take the garbage out! And so it piled up to the ceilings: Coffee grounds, potato peelings, Brown bananas, rotten peas, Chunks of sour cottage cheese. It filled the can, it covered the floor, It cracked the window, it blocked the door -Shel Silverstein