Chapter 4 Prepared by S. Saterfield From The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination, Whitley and Kite, 2006

1. Stereotype Activation and Application Chapter 4 Prepared by S. Saterfield From The Psychology of Prejudice and Discrimination, Whitley and Kite, 2006 s.saterfield, 2006

2. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization How do stereotypes lead to outcomes of discrimination? What factors are involve? s.saterfield, 2006

3. Stereotype Activation/Application StereotypeKnowledge—the extent to which a person is familiar with the content of a stereotype. wide spread in a society, and prejudiced and unprejudiced people know the content of stereotypes. s.saterfield, 2006

4. Person Babysitter Student athlete Math whiz Retired Person Rap singer Millionaire Welfare Recipient Probable Stereotypic Social Group Young White Female Black Male Young Asian Male Older Male Black Male White Male Black Female Stereotype Activation/Application s.saterfield, 2006

5. Stereotype Activation/Application What Characteristics fit the “typical” member of that social group? What does this suggest about how readily stereotypes are activated and applied? If depictions do not fit the stereotype, what factors such as motivation to inhibit stereotyping, affect your responses? s.saterfield, 2006

6. Stereotype Activation/Application STEREOTYPE KNOWLEDGE STEROTYPE ENDORESEMENT STEREOTYPE ACTIVIATION CATEORIZATION STEREOTYPE APPLICATION s.saterfield, 2006

7. Stereotype Activation/Application StereotypeKnowledge—extent to which a person is familiar with the content of a stereotype. Stereotype Endorsement—extent to which a person actually agrees with the social stereotype of a group StereotypeActivation—extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind Categorization— a persons observable characteristics Stereotype application —extent to which one uses a stereotype to judge a member of the stereotyped group s.saterfield, 2006

8. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotypes are most likely activated and applied to strangers and others whom people do not know very well. Better ones know other people, view them in terms of unique characteristics than in terms of stereotypes associated with social group When people interact with others there behavior is driven by goals to be achieved and needs to be fulfilled Motivational factors inhibit effects of stereotypes and lead people to see others as individuals. s.saterfield, 2006

9. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization—first step in the stereotype application process People classify others into three basic social categories gender race age s.saterfield, 2006

10. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization People can be placed into more than one category First category noticed is race, followed by gender (i.e. Black women) Most make use of all three categories (i.e. middle aged white women) Subcategories—Young (more available for activation of stereotypes) s.saterfield, 2006

11. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization— Prototypicality A person is prototypical of a social category to extent that he/she fits observer’s concept of the essential features characteristic of that category African—dark brown skin, dark eyes, tightly curled black hair, broad nose & full lips European—light colored skin, light or dark eyes, straight or loosely curled hair (dark/light), narrow nose, thin lips s.saterfield, 2006

12. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization— Situational Influences Situational factors (cues) can intervene in categorization process to emphasize one category over another Subcategories using basic social categories such as occupation (i.e. Businesswomen) Attention to given to the category in which the person differs from others A person behavior to one category over another s.saterfield, 2006

13. Stereotype Activation/Application Categorization— Prejudice Racially prejudice people tend to pay more attention to race than other characteristics Prejudice people are biased in the categorizations they make Highly ethnocentric people tend to overclassify others as members of the outgroup and the phenomenon Ingroup overexclusion Accuracy of classification of members of ingroup or outgroup members (p. 118) (i.e. Box 4.1 “Please Ask Me Who, Not “What”, I Am) s.saterfield, 2006

14. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation Dormant stereotype becomes active, capable of influencing a person’s thoughts about and behavior toward a ember of the stereotyped group. s.saterfield, 2006

15. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation Two types: Automatic processing—triggered by observing stimuli associated with stereotyped group Motivated processing—rooted in people’s goals and needs and activated when stereotype can fulfill goals and needs. Must be relevant to the situation s.saterfield, 2006

16. Stereotype Activation Personal and situational influences Categorization of a person as a member of a stereotyped groups Individual Difference • Motivated processes: • Comprehension • Self-enhancement • Social adjustment • Avoiding prejudice • Automatic processes • influenced by: • Prototypicality of stimulus • Context effects • Prejudice • Cognitive busyness Situational factors Is the stereotype relevant to the Motivational process(es) that Are operating? Predictions Stereotype activation s.saterfield, 2006

17. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation Automatic processing—occurs without effort or conscious thought Subliminal cures can activate stereotypes Cultural environments establish strong links between a category and stereotypes associated with the category. s.saterfield, 2006

18. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation--Automatic Factors that disrupt the activation process Prototypicality—social category of essential features characteristic of category Context—situational context Prejudice—degree of Cognitive busyness—mental representations for groups disrupted because of limited space in working memory. s.saterfield, 2006

19. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated People have goals and needs they want to achieve, stereotype application can help to satisfy such goals Stereotypes application can also disrupt goal satisfaction, therefore inhibiting such application s.saterfield, 2006

20. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated Four categories: Comprehension goals Self-enhancement goals Social adjustment goals Motivation to avoid prejudice They stem from individual differences, situational factors or both s.saterfield, 2006

21. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated Comprehension goals stem from people’s needs to form clear impressions of what others are like and to understand why events happen. Predictable Security Understand why people behave the way they do s.saterfield, 2006

22. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated Self-enhancement goals stem from people’s need to see themselves in a positive light. Negative stereotypes can help people achieve this goal because seeing others in a negative light can make oneself look better by comparison s.saterfield, 2006

23. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated Social Adjustment motives reflect people’s desire to adjust their behavior to fit into situations and adhere to the norms of rules of behaviors for that setting Social rules say that one should try to avoid offering others Desire to fit in s.saterfield, 2006

24. Stereotype Activation/Application Stereotype Activation—Motivated Motivation to avoid prejudice is considered to be a negative trait People want to avoid acting in a prejudiced manner Prejudice may be contrary to their personal values and because they do not want others to think of them as prejudice s.saterfield, 2006

25. Stereotype Activation/Application Activated Stereotype The two processes ofautomatic and motivated operate simultaneously. Effect the degree to which a stereotype is activated or inhibited Person’s mood—affects how people interpret characteristics s.saterfield, 2006

26. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 1 The desire to avoid treating outgroup members as though they were part of the ingroup is referred to as ingroup overexclusion. outgroup underinclusion. minimal group paradigm. outgroup homogeneity effect. s.saterfield, 2006

27. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 1 The desire to avoid treating outgroup members as though they were part of the ingroup is referred to as ingroup overexclusion. outgroup underinclusion. minimal group paradigm. outgroup homogeneity effect. s.saterfield, 2006

28. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 2 Lena agrees with the social stereotype that Arabs are dangerous. This agreement is referred to as stereotype _________. endorsement knowledge accuracy application s.saterfield, 2006

29. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 2 Lena agrees with the social stereotype that Arabs are dangerous. This agreement is referred to as stereotype _________. endorsement knowledge accuracy application s.saterfield, 2006

30. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 3 Stereotype __________ is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind. application knowledge activation assessment s.saterfield, 2006

31. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 3 Stereotype __________ is the extent to which a stereotype is accessible in one’s mind. application knowledge activation assessment s.saterfield, 2006

32. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 4 Jamal has features that are similar to those of other typical African Americans; researchers refer to Jamal’s features as _________ of his social category. representative exclusive prototypical inclusive s.saterfield, 2006

33. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 4 Jamal has features that are similar to those of other typical African Americans; researchers refer to Jamal’s features as _________ of his social category. representative exclusive prototypical inclusive s.saterfield, 2006

34. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 5 Motivated perceivers are likely to categorize at the basic social category level. form an unfavorable impression. categorize at the subtype level. categorize on the basis of race instead of gender. s.saterfield, 2006

35. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 5 Motivated perceivers are likely to categorize at the basic social category level. form an unfavorable impression. categorize at the subtype level. categorize on the basis of race instead of gender. s.saterfield, 2006

36. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 6 When stereotype activation is triggered simply by stimuli associated with the stereotyped group, ________ processing has occurred. motivated categorized automatic explicit s.saterfield, 2006

37. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 6 When stereotype activation is triggered simply by stimuli associated with the stereotyped group, ________ processing has occurred. motivated categorized automatic explicit s.saterfield, 2006

38. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 7 Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation? Positive stereotypes are rarely activated. Priming does not result in stereotype activation. Stereotype activation is more likely when perceivers are cognitively busy. Stereotype activation is more likely when people see a prototypical group member. s.saterfield, 2006

39. Stereotype Activation/Application Question 7 Which of the following has been demonstrated by research on stereotype activation? Positive stereotypes are rarely activated. Priming does not result in stereotype activation. Stereotype activation is more likely when perceivers are cognitively busy. Stereotype activation is more likely when people see a prototypical group member. s.saterfield, 2006

40. Stereotype Activation/Application Activated Stereotype The two processes ofautomatic and motivated operate simultaneously. Effect the degree to which a stereotype is activated or inhibited Person’s mood—affects how people interpret characteristics s.saterfield, 2006