JCOMM Status & Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements

1. JCOMM Status &Ocean-Observing Satellite Elements Jean-Louis FELLOUS (ESA/CNES) Co-president, JCOMM CEOS Executive Secretary Eric Lindstrom (NASA)

2. The WMO-IOC Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine MeteorologyThe JCOMM Vision • Integrated ocean observing system • Integrated data management • State-of-the-art technologies and capabilities • New products and services • User responsiveness and interaction • Involvement of all maritime countries

3. JCOMM Structure

4. Satellites Ship observations ASAP Sea level Integrated Ocean Observing System Drifting buoy Argo Moorings

5. Data stored here, there, and everywhere Data Management

6. Maritime Safety Pollution Response Oceanography Services Sea Ice information Waves and Surges

7. GCOS Essential Climate Variables • Variables that are both currently feasible for global implementation and have a high impact on UNFCCC requirements. • Three Domains • Atmospheric (over land, sea and ice) • Surface • Air temperature, Precipitation, Air pressure, Surface radiation budget, Wind speed and direction, Water vapor. • Upper-air • Earth radiation budget (including solar irradiance), Upper-air temperature (including MSU radiances), Wind speed and direction, Water vapor, Cloud properties. • Composition • Carbon dioxide, Methane, Ozone, Other long-lived greenhouse gases , Aerosol properties. • Oceanic • Surface • Sea-surface temperature, Sea-surface salinity, Sea level, Sea state, Sea ice, Current, Ocean color (for biological activity), Carbon dioxide partial pressure. • Sub-surface • Temperature, Salinity, Current, Nutrients, Carbon, Ocean tracers, Phytoplankton. • Terrestrial • River discharge, Water use, Ground water, Lake levels, Snow cover, Glaciers and ice caps, Permafrost and seasonally-frozen ground, Albedo, Land cover (including vegetation type), Fraction of absorbed photo-synthetically active radiation (fAPAR), Leaf area index (LAI), Biomass, Fire disturbance

8. Multi-Year Phased Implementation Plan (NOAA), 100% Requirement 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2002 2009 2010 2011 2012 160 170 Real-time Stations Initial GCOS Subset 148 155 106 126 Tide Gauges 79 91 67 67 69 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 779 787 Number of buoys 975 Surface Drifting Buoys 119 119 119 97 104 115 Number of moorings 86 91 Tropical Moored Buoys 79 79 83 High resolution and frequently repeated lines occupied 51 51 51 47 42 45 Ships of Opportunity 39 39 26 26 27 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Number of floats 544 2240 Argo Floats 1500 923 Number of observatories, flux, and ocean transport stations 89 43 42 78 41 37 35 Reference Stations 54 60 46 49 Ice buoys, drifting and Moored stations 54 54 24 21 24 24 52 12 12 13 41 Arctic System 37 Repeat Sections Completed, One inventory per 10 years 34 28 31 Ocean Carbon Network 1 20 23 15 17 4 9 882 882 882 831 Days at sea (NOAA contribution) 659 Dedicated Ship Time 493 472 370 458 458 458 Representative milestones including international contributions 97 100 System % Complete 89 81 72 40 45 59 Total System 57 Base Budget FY 07 President’s Budget Planning, Unfunded 48 55 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

9. JCOMM Evaluation Metrics Observing System Status: 2006 - Q1 Sea Surface Temperature Requirement: All boxes blue 100 80 60 40 20 0 Drifting Buoys Moored Buoys Ships Total Goal: 100% Global Coverage Drifting Buoys + Moored Buoys + Weighted Ship Observations

10. Systems Approach to Standard Mapping and Reporting 2003 2005 JCOMM Reporting Visit http://www.jcommops.org/network_status

11. COP-10 Decision onResearch and Systematic Observation • “Invites Parties that support space agencies involved in global observations to request these agencies to provide a coordinated response to the needs expressed in the GCOS Implementation Plan” • CEOS was asked to present its response to SBSTA at COP 12 in November 2006

12. GCOS Implementation Plan“Satellite Supplement” Systematic Observation Requirements for Satellite-based Products for Climate Supplemental details to the satellite-based component of the “Implementation Plan for the Global Observing System for Climate in Support of the UNFCCC (GCOS-92)” ************************************************** GCOS Secretariat GCOS-107 WMO/TD No. 1338

13. Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (1)

14. Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (2)

15. Requirements for space-based observations of ocean ECV’s (3) Note: Surface Vector Wind is considered as an Atmospheric ECV

16. 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 14 12 13 GODAE IPY SAR for Sea Ice & Sea State AMI/ERS ASAR/Envisat C-band GMES S-1 RADARSAT-3 RADARSAT-1 C-band RADARSAT-2 C-band PALSAR/ALOS L-band COSMO-SKYMED X-band TERRASAR-X X-band In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval

18. “KNOWN” FUTURE ALTIMETRY MISSIONS In orbit End of life Approved Planned/Pending approval GFO NPOESS IPY Data gap ERS-2/RA Sentinel-3 ERS-1 ENVISAT/RA-2 ALTIKA TOPEX/Poseidon Data gap? Data gap? Jason-3? Jason-1 Jason-2 CNES/EUMETSAT/NASA/NOAA signedLetter of Agreement for Jason-2 CRYOSAT-2 GODAE

21. CMIS/NPOESS-C1 Surface Vector Winds 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 While CMIS has been cancelled, a less capable CMIS is planned beginning with C-2 in 2016. 895 km 1700 km X WINDSAT 500 km 2 x 550 km w/ 768-km nadir gap AMI/ERS-2 ASCAT/METOP – 3-satellite series OceanSat-2 scatterometer SeaWINDS/ADEOS-II 1600 km HY-2 series scatterometer Seawinds/QuikSCAT In orbit Approved Planned/Pending approval

22. Example - ECV Sea Level Planned or pending approval In orbit Approved T/P High accuracy Reference orbit Jason Jason-1 Jason-2 ERS-1 ERS-2 Lower accuracy Polar orbit S-3 Envisat X GFO Altika NPOESS ECV Sea Level Above threshold Below threshold At threshold

23. Oceanic Domain ECV Status as of Mid-2006 Note: this color graph (and similar ones for Atmospheric and Terrestrial Domains) was withdrawn from CEOS Response to GCOS-IP

24. CEOS response to GCOS Satellite Requirements CEOS Response to the GCOS Implementation Plan – September 2006 Satellite Observation of the Climate System The Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) Response to the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Implementation Plan (IP) Developed by CEOS and submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice (SBSTA) on behalf of CEOS by the United States of America (USA) delegation Visit http://www.ceos.org for the full report

25. Ocean Domain – Overall status • “Space-based ocean observations for climate are currently at a crossroads: unless additional urgent actions in response to relevant GCOS requirements are taken, only observations for the sea surface temperature ECV will be adequate in the next six years. The level of observation for all other ocean ECVs will be marginal (sea ice, sea state) or even inadequate (sea level, ocean colour) within and beyond that timeframe. It should be noted, however, that new research missions are planned that will provide the first-ever measurements of sea surface salinity, an emerging ECV.”

26. CEOS Contemplated Actions re: ECV Sea Level • Ocean Surface Topography “Virtual Constellation”

27. CEOS Contemplated Actions re: Ocean Reanalyzes • Reprocessing, Constellation Standards

28. Official draft SBSTA Statement • “The SBSTA welcomed the report submitted by the United States of America on behalf of the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) (FCCC/SBSTA/2006/MISC.14), which describes the coordinated response by space agencies involved in global observations to the needs expressed in the GCOS implementation plan. The SBSTA invited the Parties that support space agencies to enable these agencies to implement, to the extent possible, the actions identified in the CEOS report and to continue responding in a coordinated manner through CEOS to the efforts to meet these needs. The SBSTA encouraged the GCOS and CEOS to continue their partnership for linking space-based capabilities with global climate observing requirements and encouraged Parties to improve access to space-based climate observations to all interested Parties.”

29. The Way Forward In conclusion, CEOS recognizes that both satellite and in situ data are required to better monitor, characterize, and predict changes in the Earth system. While in situ measurements will remain essential and largely measure what cannot be measured from satellites, Earth-observation satellites are the only realistic means to obtain the necessary global coverage, and with well-calibrated measurements, will become the single most important contribution to global observations for climate.