Oceanic Field Trip Guide: Biological Productivity in the Sea

1. “Interviews”, Office Visits!!!Dr. Duncan: Here Before or After classBurt 252, rduncan@oce.orst.edu Dr. Wright:“Office Visits” MW 2:00-3:00 Wilkinson 114

2. 7:00 - Check in 7:15 - Busses leave from Wilkinson lot 8:30 - Seal Rock/Yaquina Head volcanic rocks and tide pools NO MONEY required 11:00 - HMSC Visitor Center 12:30 - Lunch at HMSC or on bus (bring your own) 1:30 - Return to Corvallis Conflicts: contact lead TA Jeff Ninnemann, ninnemaj@onid.orst.edu Oregon Coast Field Trip - Sat., May 31stdusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.html

3. Required Field Trip Guidedusk.geo.orst.edu/oceans/field.htmlor on reserve in library • Answers to bolded questions in guide • Due by start of class,1:00, June 2nd • Makeups due by start of final exam, June 11, 6:00 p.m.

4. Squid:• traps water in mantle and forcefully jettisons it from siphon in head

5. • active predator of fish• arms to capture• tentacles to bring to beak• both lined with suckers

6. They Exist!up to 20 feet long!

7. Colossal Squid CapturedWellington, NZ, April 2003330 pounds - 16 feet long

8. Chapter 10: Biological Productivity

9. Conditions for Life in the Sea Consider the main biochemical reaction for life in the sea, and on earth in general: 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Focus on left side of equation What is in short supply in the sea and thus limits the amount of life in the ocean??

10. Absorbing Nutrients • Phytoplankton are base of the food chain • Most important primary producers of complex sugars and oxygen • Nutrients absorbed by plants through diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane Lauderia sp.

11. Diffusion:molecules move from high to low concentrations

12. Which Nutrients are in Short Supply? • Nitrogen (N) as Nitrate NO3(-2) • Phosphorus (P) as Phosphate PO4(-2) • Silicon (Si) as Silicate SiO4(-2)

13. Phosphate and Nitrate in the Pacific

14. Silicate in the Pacific

15. Biolimiting Nutrients • N, P, and Si are exhausted first in the surface waters during photosynthesis • Essential to the growth of phytoplankton • If these biolimiting nutrients increase in sea water, life increases • If these biolimiting nutrients decrease in sea water, life decreases • Where would you expect to find the highest biomass in the Pacific??

16. CZCS Global Primary Production

17. How Does Nutrient Distribution Compare w/Dissolved Oxygen?

18. Dissolved O2 Reverse of Nutrients • O2 is high in the surface and mixed layer • O2 decreases to a minimum at base of thermocline • O2 then steadily increases with depth

19. Why is the Concentration of Oxygen High in the Mixed Layer?? Hint #1: How and where is oxygen produced in the sea??? 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy + nutrients = C6H12O6 + 6O2 Hint #2: How can oxygen be mixed downward from the atmosphere into the ocean?

20. How is Oxygen Removed from the Thermocline & Slightly Below??

21. Dead and decaying organic matter sinks downward from surface waters • Rate of sinking decreases as it encounters the cold, dense water of the thermocline • Material decays (oxidizes) at the thermocline, which strips O2 out of the water and returns nutrients to the sea • Cold, nutrient-rich water of the thermocline is returned to sunlit surface waters by way of upwelling

22. How Does Nutrient Distribution Compare w/Dissolved Oxygen?

23. Ocean HabitatsChapter 12

24. Animals of the Benthos • 98% of marine species are benthic • Hydrothermal vents • Coral reefs • Rocky shore • Sandy shore

25. Coral Reefs of the World(Figure 12-16)

26. Coral Reefs: Tops in Marine Biodiversity

27. Coral Reef Morphology(Figure 12-17)

28. Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary

29. Maps courtesy of National Park of American Samoa

30. Map courtesy of National Park of American Samoa Artwork by Jayne Doucette, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

31. Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary

32. Coral Reef Zone Tourcurrents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

33. Beach Zone:sands derived from erosion of reef limestoneBoxer crab doesn’t eat anemones but uses them as weapons

34. Coral Reef Zone Tourcurrents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

35. Reef Flat:RIGOROUS environmentwave action, intense UV radiation, high salinities, warm temps corals are hermatypic (depend on zooxanthellae algae that live in coral poly tissues)

36. Coral & Zooxanthellae(Figure 12-14)

37. Reef Flat:Sharks & mantas frequent visitors

38. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

39. Algal Ridge:

40. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

41. Submarine Terrace

42. Submarine Terrace:Increasing coral cover attract fishesthat prefer rich coral growthBasslett fish (haremic, capable of sex reversal)

43. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

44. Terrace

45. Coral Reef Zones currents, wave surge, sunlight, water depth 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off

46. Slope

47. Coral Reef Zones 1 - Beach 2 - Reef Flat 3 - Algal Ridge 4 - Sub-Terrace 5 - Terrace 6 - Reef Slope 7 - Drop-off lowest light levels, few sunlight-dependent coralssome feed on zooplankton and can descend as low as 1000 m

48. Drop Off:Soft corals are non-reef building (no zooxanthellae), no limestone skeleton, secrete toxins to discourage competitors

49. Deepsea Coralslive off of the dead www.divediscover.whoi.edu Desmophyllum cristagalli