Future Challenges in Indian Transportation: Insights by Prof. S.L. Dhingra

1. Presentation on TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA - CHALLENGES IN FUTURE By Prof. S. L. Dhingra Transportation Systems Engineering Civil Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Organised by Research Scholars’ Forum Indian Institute of Technology Bombay 23rd Oct. 2002, Institute Auditorium

2. Overview National Highway Development Projects (NHDP) Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Urban Transport Projects

3. National Highways Development Project (NHDP)

4. Golden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. Length - 5,952 Kms Year of Completion - 2003 • North-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHs Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to Porbandar. Length - 7,300 Kms Year of Completion - 2007 Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)

5. Mumbai--Pune Expressway

6. Mumbai--Pune Expressway Map

9. Environment Protection • All conditions for environment are followed. • One thousand trees trans planted. • Extensive tree plantation , and median verge plantation plant. • Separate dumping area is acquired for surplus material. • Separate land is acquired for labour camp. • Provision of recycling material and used for work. • Provision for additional lead for transport of surplus material.

10. Continued… • Special item to use surplus rock – gabbian, rock embankment. • Murum from adjoining land and dumping black cotton soil from road – creation of new fertile agriculture land. • Rain water drainage . • Terracing to quarry area.

11. Social Problem • Tendency of villagers to cross expressway, use of cycles & two wheelers in spite the provision of cart track & pedestrians crossing • Tendency to overtake wrong side over speeding • Observing no lane discipline

12. Advantages of the Expressway • Time savings - Mumbai-Pune distance will be covered in 2 hours as against 4 to 6 hours in the present situation • Estimated fuel and other savings to the extent of Rs.500 crores per year • Reduction in environmental pollution due to vehicles running at rated capacity and less fuel consumption • Reduction in Accidents

13. Continued… • Reduction in Accidents • Savings in travel time • Saving in fuel • Fast crossing of Khandala Ghat • Economic development through speedy traffic • Reduction in pollution

15. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Aiming for Rural Transformation

16. Current Scenario & need for providing road connectivity: the PMGSY Approach • Only 48 % of villages are connected by all-weather roads. • Nearly 50 % of villages lack proper connectivity. • Proper rural road connectivity is a must for development. Why ? • Benefits – economic, social, political etc. • Rural people can have easy access to • Trade • Education • Health • Employment

17. The Highlights of PMGSY(Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) • Investment of Rs. 60,000 Crore • Road Connectivity (All-weather roads) Goals: - villages with population of more than 1000 (by 2003). - villages with population more than 500 (by 2007). • Nearly 1,00,000 villages to be covered. • Around 30 Crore (300 Million) people would be benefited. • 10 Crore (100 Million) people expected to cross poverty line • Hence, there is a need to plan for optimal rural road networks to achieve the objectives of integrated rural development.

18. Urban Transport Projects

19. Flyovers • Bandra-Worli sea link • Western Freeway link/ • Hajiali-Wilson college viaduct • Metro System (TCS Study) • Elevated Railway System (by E. Sreedharan) • MUTP II (MRVC Study) • Mass Transit System (by MMRDA) • Thane MRTS • Sky Bus

20. FLYOVERS

21. Whether we need flyovers? Mumbai : high traffic density , high traffic congestion. • Geographical Layout : only N-S flow and very heavy traffic • Consequent delays - city entry & exit • Necessity of improving speeds on N-S Corridors • Need to quickly reach starting points of proposed Expressways to Pune, Nashik & Ahmedabad from city centre

22. Project Features • Flyovers on the 3 Main Routes • Western Express Highway (WEH) • Eastern Express Highway (EEH) • Sion-Panvel Express Way • City Central Corridor developed by appropriate flyovers Elevated Road from J.J. Hospital to Crawford Market • City Western Corridor-Flyovers on SB Marg • Estimated cost is Rs. 1550 crores • Of these 50 flyovers, 29 have been completed.

23. BANDRA-WORLI SEA LINK

25. Item Observed (microgm/Nm3) Limits (microgm/Nm3) SO2 43 – 120 80 Nox 90 – 107 80 SPM 1144 – 3170 200 Air Pollution in Mumbai • Sectorwise distribution of Pollution: Transport 64% Power 4% Domestic 15% Industrial 17% • Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction:

28. Salient Features: • Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road • Bridge length: 4 km (0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge) • Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km (including toll plaza) • Carriageway - 8 lanes • Cable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylon Cont…

29. Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at 150m height with access via capsule lift from pile cap • Advanced Traffic control and surveillance system • Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores • Link proposed to be extended to Nariman Point • A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be provided for main spans for marine traffic

30. Techno Economic Feasibility • Fuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annum • Savings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutes • Reduction in air, noise & sound pollution • Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75% • No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of fishermen • Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and overall improvement in the quality of life. • Reduced accidents.

31. Existing Situation: • Distance from Lovegrove Jn to Mahim Junction = 7.7 km • Traffic Signals = 23 Nos • Travel time: • Morning peak hour = 35 min • Evening peak hour = 38 min • Average Journey Speed = 13 kmph Savings due to Sea Link • Direct Cost savings = Rs 14.11 per car (fuel, tyre,wear & tear, lubricants,etc) • Travel time savings = 29 min per car Time value @ Rs 100/ hr = Rs 48.43 / car • Hence, total savings = Rs 62.59 / car

33. WESTERN FREEWAY SEA LINK

35. BANDRA WORLI SEA LINK WESTERN FREE WAY SEA LINK The Fourth Corridor Wadala Bandra Worli Savarkar Marg Senapati Bapat Marg sewri Ambedkar Marg Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Margs Western rail MPT Central rail Harbour rail GPO CST Hutatma Chowk Gateway of India

36. Salient Features Alignment: • Total length 14.77 Km • Starting from interchange at `Worli’ • Alignmentabout 200 m in the sea from shore line • Easy Traffic Dispersal - Interchanges with connecting links at - Haji Ali Circle, - Bhulabhai Desai Marg, - NCPA Nariman Point

37. Attributes • Bridge spans to be provided withadequate vertical and Horizontal clearance • Eco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditions • Cable stayed bridges and viaducts • - Improve aesthetics of the coastal area • - No Visual Intrusion from sea shore • Modern Traffic Surveillance System • Minimum land reclamation, only near approaches

38. Benefits • Traffic will be dispersed • Vehicular pollution will be reduced • Overall Improvement in environment • Reduction in Pollution • Reduction in Accidents • Improvement in the existing transport system and living conditions

39. METRO SYSTEM

40. Why do we need metro system? • To reduce the surface traffic. • To cater to the increase in traffic due to the emergence of Worli as business and industrial center. • To decrease the level of pollution. • To reduce the heavy load on local railways and buses.

41. Salient Features: • Location (7th corridor)Colaba to Kurla • Length 22.4 Kms • Average number of commuters per24,20,000 day on a weekdays • Travel time39 min. • Number of intermediate stations24 • Peak hour demand 50,689 • Drainage will be taken care by sumps and automatic pumps.

43. Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Major Head or Group DPR Land Running Tunnels Other Underground Cavities Miscellaneous works in Tunnels Carshed Works Cut and Cover construction Administrative Office Building Ballastless Tracks Residential quarters Temporary track connection Power supply Electrical equipments S & T equipments Rolling stock General charges Contingencies Total Cost Crores 50.00 500.00 1177.05 633.77 344.09 114.42 242.60 20.00 46.51 27.00 25.00 89.60 1045.95 366.87 1950.00 554.40 216.22 7423.48 Life in Years N.A. Infinite 100 100 100 50 50 50 15 50 50 40 20 15 30 N.A. N.A. Value and life of assets under major heads or groups NOTE : ‘N.A.’ denotes Not Applicable.

44. S. No. Main Head Amount (Rs. Crores) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 50.00 500.00 2650.44 1135.55 366.87 1950.00 6652.86 554.40 7207.26 216.22 7423.48 Preliminary expenses Land and right of way Structural engineering works Power supply and electrical equipments Signaling and telecom equipments (including automatic fare collection and checking system) Rolling stock Total Add general charges, (supervision and direction) @ 8.33% Total Add contingencies Total Abstract estimate for 7th corridor

45. MUTP II MRVC

46. Components • Increase in corridors • Longer (12 rake) EMUs • Station area improvement schemes • Removal of level crossings • The resettlement and relocation of the project affected persons and structures all along Central and Western Railway corridors and the Harbour Line • Total cost of the project is 5618.36 crores.

47. To Kasara Virar To Dahanu Rd. Vasai Rd. Kalyan To Karjat/ Khopoli Diva Jn. Borivali THANE Andheri Santacruz Turbhe Vashi Nerul Kurla Belapur BANDRA Panvel To Karjat Wadala Rd. DADAR To Roha Mumbai Central Uran Mumbai CST Churchgate CENTRAL RAILWAY LOCAL LINE THROUGH LINE HARBOUR LINE OTHER LINES WESTERN RAILWAY LOCAL LINE THROUGH LINE 5TH LINE Mumbai Suburban System Map

48. Benefits Rail Project • Increase in capacity by about 35% • Higher frequency of train services during peak hours • Reduction in journey time • Improvement in the flow of passengers and vehicles in and selected stations Cont…

49. Non-Rail Projects • Reduction in traffic congestion, increase in vehicular speeds and reduction in delays • Increased carrying capacity for bus users • Safe and smooth flow of vehicular and pedestrian traffic • Minimizing delays and accidents • Improved environment through reduction in air pollution

50. Comparison between different modes of transport • In terms of land usage railway is 24 times more efficient than road. • Railway transport are 6 times more energy efficient than road transport. • Bus travel is 5 times more costlier than railways. • Road traffic is a major source of air pollution and noise pollution. • Bus takes about 50% more time during peak hours as compared to rail.