Manifest Destiny

1. Manifest Destiny

2. “American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

3. “Manifest Destiny” • First coined by newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan in 1845. • ".... the right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federaltive development of self-government entrusted to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth." • to over spread and possess the whole continent

4. Belief that white Americans had a God-given right to occupy the entire North American continent. Manifest Destiny was exercised in 1492 by Christopher Columbus and the Spanish monarchs. Pilgrim Fathers when they landed at Plymouth Rock in 1620. Great Awakening inspired spiritual unity for America Jefferson delivered Manifest Destiny with the Louisiana Purchase. Lewis and Clarke educated America. Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun solicited the “American System” Andrew Jackson, “Great Frontiersman” , forged America ahead. What is Manifest Destiny?

5. Canals: 1825 – 1840 • The Erie Canal – The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 dramatically lowered transportation costs and set off a canal building boom. The annual net gain on the Erie Canal over its first decade of operation, 1826 – 1835, was about 8 percent of its total construction cost per year! • The Erie Canal helped make New York City such a large trading center that it accounted for 50 percent of all U.S. foreign trade and duties collected.

7. Jackson Indian Removal Act 1830

9. End Jackson 1837

10. Texas Declaration of Independence NOT SUPPORT! 1836 President Martin Van Buren (Democrat)

11. 1836- 45 Texas Independent Nation • Mexico still considers Texas part of Mexico / they encouraged American settlers! • Texas – Sam Houston wanted to be part of U.S. / cotton = slaves / anti-slavery groups not want to add more slave territory / US annexation = declaration of war on Mexico • Texas sought foreign aid to defend against Mexico British and France want to “help” (cotton exports)

12. Key Figures in Texas Independence, 1836 Sam Houston(1793-1863) Steven Austin(1793-1836)

13. Tyler and the Annexation of Texas • Tyler becomes president in 1841 after Harrison dies. • A very unpopular president, seemed more a Democrat than a Whig • Tyler wanted to do something before he left office to appease the people. • Made sense to annex Texas, plus threats from Britain and France. • When Democratic Polk wins in 1844, Tyler takes that as a mandate to annex Texas. • MEXICO ANGRY!

14. Davey Crockett’s Last Stand

15. The Battle of the Alamo

16. Remember the Alamo! Mexico recalled its ambassador and severed diplomatic ties with U.S. 1845

17. Overland Immigration to the West • Between 1840 and 1860, more than250,000 people made the trekwestward.

18. Trails Westward

19. The Oregon Dispute: 54’ 40º or Fight! • By the mid-1840s,“Oregon Fever” wasspurred on by thepromise of free land. • The joint British-U. S.occupation ended in1846.

21. The Bear Flag Republic The Revolt  June 14, 1845 John C. Frémont

22. The Slidell Mission: Nov. 1845 • Mexican recognition of the Rio Grande River as the TX-US border. • US would purchase the New Mexicoarea for $5 million. • US would claim California at any price. ($25 million) John Slidell

23. The Mexican War (1846-1848)

25. General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto “Old Rough and Ready”

26. Battle of Buena Vista (1847) General Winfield Scott

27. The Bombardment of Vera Cruz

28. General Scott Enters Mexico City “Old Fuss and Feathers”

29. Results

30. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 • Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River . • Mexico gave the U. S. California and New Mexico / American citizenship • U. S. gave Mexico $15 million and agreed to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico(over $3.5 million).

31. Results of the Mexican War? The 17-month war cost $100,000,000 and 13,000+American lives (mostly of disease). New territories were brought into the Union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics.* Brought in 1 million sq. mi. of land (incl. TX) These new territories would upset the balance of power between North and South. Manifest Destiny realized. Option for a transcontinental RR

32. 6. Polk does not seek re-election, tired • “I got all that I set out to accomplished” • 7. Two Whig Generals aspire political careers: • Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott

33. Wilmot Proviso, 1846 Provided, territory from that, as an express and fundamental condition to the acquisition of any the Republic of Mexico by the United States, by virtue of any treaty which may be negotiated between them, and to the use by the Executive of the moneys herein appropriated, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist in any part of said territory, except for crime, whereof the party shall first be duly convicted. Congr. David Wilmot(D-PA)

34. The Mexican Cession

35. 49er’s California Gold Rush, 1849

36. Digging for Gold in California

37. Territorial Growth to 1853 Purchased from Mexico for $10 million for the construction of a southern railroad

38. Indian Wars 1840 -1860