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The Industrial Revolution The Invention of the Machine. Pgs. 431-438. Industry Comes to the U.S. Before and after the War of 1812, the economy of the United States had been growing. New inventions changed the way goods were made. People began using machines instead of hand tools.
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The Industrial RevolutionThe Invention of the Machine Pgs. 431-438
Industry Comes to the U.S. • Before and after the War of 1812, the economy of the United States had been growing. • New inventions changed the way goods were made. • People began using machines instead of hand tools. • This brought great changes in the way people lived, worked, and traveled.
England Leads the Way • In 1789 England was the only country in the world with a spinning machine. • This machine was used to weave cotton and wool fibers into cloth, or textiles. • Textile mills were factories where cloth was made from cotton or wool. • England guarded the design of the spinning machine closely. • Anyone caught leaving England with machine designs was put in jail.
Samuel Slater • Samuel Slater worked in a textile mill and studied the new spinning machine until he could remember exactly how each iron gear and wooden spool worked. • Samuel broke British law and took his knowledge to the United States.
Samuel Slater and Moses Brown • When Samuel arrived in the United States in 1790, he built a spinning machine for Moses Brown. • Brown and Slater built a textile mill in Rhode Island. • It was America’s first factory.
Mass Production • An inventor named Eli Whitney thought of a new way of manufacturing that could produce large amounts of goods at one time. • His idea was called mass production. • Before this time, a craftsman would produce one item from start to finish making all the parts and putting them together.
Mass Production • With mass production, identical copies of the same item could be produced using machines and untrained workers in factories. • Whitney created interchangeable parts that could be used to repair a broken item. • Machines could put the parts together very quickly.
The Lowell System • Francis Lowell of Massachusetts invented a system where all the steps of creating a product could be completed at the same factory. • For example: spinning, dyeing, and weaving were combined in one factory. • Raw cotton went into the factory and finished cloth came out.
Working Conditions • A typical work day was 14 or 15 hours. • There were dangerous working conditions. • The pay was low. Around 80¢ a day. • Men, women and children often worked in factories. • Factory owners provided living quarters (boarding house) for workers. • Most factory workers were immigrants.
The Melting Pot • 1820 – 8,835 workers • 1825 – 10,199 workers • 1830 – 23,322 workers • 1835 – 45,374 workers • 1840 – 84, 066 workers • 1845 – 114,371 workers • Almost half of the immigrants were from Ireland. Others came from Germany, Poland, and other parts of northern and central Europe.
Manufacturing Cities • By the 1840s thousands of immigrants were coming to America to take jobs in the new factories. • The populations of manufacturing cities like New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and Baltimore grew rapidly.
Transportation Improvements • The Erie Canal was built to link Lake Erie and the city of Buffalo, New York to the Hudson River. • The National Road was built linking the Atlantic coast to Ohio. • The steamboat was invented by Robert Fulton in 1807. • The first locomotive was invented in 1830. By 1850 about 9,000 miles of track crossed the United States mostly near the Atlantic coast.