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Understanding Cartilage and Bone Tissue: Structures and Functions

Delve into the intricate anatomy of cartilage and bone tissue, including cell structures, matrix compositions, classification, growth mechanisms, and bone tissue architecture. Explore the roles of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteocytes, bone matrix components, and tissue layers for a comprehensive understanding of musculoskeletal biology.

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Understanding Cartilage and Bone Tissue: Structures and Functions

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  1. Cartilage and Bone

  2. 1. Cartilage: organ=Cartilage tissue+perichondrium

  3. 1) structure of cartilage tissue ---cell: chondrocyte ---cartilage matrix

  4. ① chondrocyte: ---Structure: LM • embedded in cartilage lacuna • peripheral cells: --small and immature --single and flattened • central cell: --large and mature, --round and in group of 2-8 cells --small and round nucleus --basophilic cytoplasm --EM: rich in RER and Golgi complex

  5. *isogenous group: several cells locates in one lacuna, which are derived from a single(same) parent cell

  6. ② Cartilage matrix ---ground substance: • proteoglycan: --same to loose CT --there are more chondroitin sulfate distributed at the periphery of cartilage lacuna---called as cartilage capsule(basophilic) • water ---fiber: type and number of fiber depends on the type of cartilage

  7. 2) Classification: according to the fiber • Hyaline cartilage: • less collagenous fibril • articular surface, rib cartilage, trachea and bronchi

  8. Fibrous cartilage: • large amount of collagenous fiber bundles • cells are small and less • intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis

  9. Elastic cartilage: • large amount of elastic fiber • external ear, epiglottis

  10. 3) perichondrium two layers: ---out layer: contain more fiber-protection ---inner layer: more cells-osteoprogenitor cell(fusiform in shape)

  11. 4) growth of cartilage ---interstitial growth: • inner chondrocyte proliferation→ produce fiber and matrix. • immature cartilage ---appositional growth: • osteoprogenitor cell→chondroblast → chondrocyte → produce fiber and matrix. • growing and mature cartilage

  12. 2.Bone ---consists of bone tissue, periosteum and endosteum, bone marrow

  13. 1)Bone tissue ① Cells:

  14. a. osteoprogenitor cell: stem cell ---structure: • fusiform, small • ovoid nucleus • slight basophilic cytoplasm • exist in periosteum and endosteum ---function: differentiated into osteoblast and chondrocyte

  15. b. osteoblast: ---structure: LM: • single layer of cuboidal or low columnar cell • round nucleus • basophilic cytoplasm • located on the surface of bone tissue

  16. EM: • fine processes • rich in RER, Golgi complex

  17. ---function: ⅰ.synthesize bone collagen fiber and ground substance-osteoid ⅱ.release matrix vesicle: • 0.1um in diameter • membrane-coated • function: promote calcification

  18. c.osteocyte ---structure: • flattened cell with multiple long thin processes • located in bone lacuna and bone canaliculus • basophilic cytoplasm • adjacent cells connect in bone canaliculus by gap junctions ---function: • Maintain bone matrix

  19. d. osteoclast ---structure: LM: • multinuclear large cell, 30-100um • 6-50 nuclei • acidophilic cytoplasm • located at peripheral part of bone

  20. EM: • ruffled border-processes • light zone: --under the ruffled border --microfilament • primary lysosome, pinosome and secondary lysosome • RER, mito. and Golgi ---function: dissolve and absorb bone matrix

  21. ②Bone matrix ---organic matter: • bone collagen fiber -collagenous fiber (type I collagen) • ground substance: glycosaminoglycan

  22. ---inorganic matter: bone salts Hydroxyapatite crystal: • Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 • pin-shaped • longitudinal arranged *bone lamella: bone matrix arranged in layers at different direction

  23. 2) Architacture of long bone Long bone is an organ, made up of bone tissue(shaft and epiphyses), periosteum and endosteum, bone marrow

  24. ① shaft: consists of compact bone a.circumferential lamella: /outer concentrically-arranged /inner around inner surface of bone

  25. b.Haversian system (osteon): /cylindric structure, 3-5mm /central canal: N, BV, CT /Haversian lamella: 4-20 layers

  26. c.interstitial lamella: /irregular lamella /remnant of Haversian or circumferential lamella *perforating canal: /transverse canal /connect with Haversian canal

  27. ② epiphyses: composed of spongy bone ---trabeculae: • formed by parallelly-arranged lamella • form a spongy-liked network ---Bone marrow: hemopoietic tissue

  28. ③ periosteum and endosteum: CT membrane ---periosteum: DCT • outer layer:more fiber bundles form perforating fiber • inner layer: rich in BV, N and osteoprogenitor cells ---endosteum: thin, a layer of osteoprogenitor cell and CT ---function: provide nutrition and osteoblast for bone growth and repairing

  29. Self study! 3)osteogenesis

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