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H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman of « Sauvons le Climat »

The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenarios part II. H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman of « Sauvons le Climat ». IPCC projections. 2030 tCO2<50$/ton Renewables: 35% electricity Nuclear: 18% electricity.

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H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman of « Sauvons le Climat »

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  1. The energy issue and the possible contribution of various nuclear energy production scenariospart II H.Nifenecker Scientific consultant LPSC/CNRS Chairman of « Sauvons le Climat »

  2. IPCC projections 2030 tCO2<50$/ton Renewables: 35% electricity Nuclear: 18% electricity

  3. IEA’s successive Prospects fo Nuclear (World Energy Outlook) 2020 2030 Mtoe TWh % Mtoe TWh % WEO 1998 604 2317 8 WEO 2000 617 2369 9 WEO 2002 719 2758 11 703 2697 9 WEO 2004 776 2975 12 764 2929 9 WEO 2006 861 3304 10 Alt. 2006 1070 4106 14

  4. Prospect for nuclear production 2000-2030 TWh (AIEA July 2006) 1400 1200 1000 2000 2010 b 800 2010 H 2020 b 600 2020 H 2030 b 2030 H 400 200 0 Am L Eur E MO+As S Ext. O Am N W Eur Afr Pacif

  5. Nuclear Intensive Scenarios • Scenarios by difference: • P.A.Bauquis • D.Heuer and E.Merle • Objective oriented Scenarios • H.Nifenecker et al.

  6. No miracle from renewables • Hydro: • Limitation of ressource (Europe-USA) • Environment and localization (Am.Sud, Asie, Afrique, Russie) • Large Investments • Reliable, available • Might provide 20% of world electricity. France: 70TWh/450 • Wind • « fatal » Energy • Limit: 10-15% of electricity production

  7. No miracle with renewables • Solar • PV: Ideal for isolated sites (Africa, SE Asia). Mostly artificial in Developed Countries and very expansive • Thermal: interesting for heating and warm water • Thermodynamic: Fiability? Hot and dry climates Hot and dry climate. • Biomass • Bio-fuels (10 Mtep/50) • Wood energy. • Competition with food, energy and environmental balance

  8. Pierre René Bauquis

  9. Renewable energies

  10. Renewable electricity

  11. A vision of energy mix by 2050

  12. Energy mix in 2050

  13. CO2 emissions

  14. Nuclear production In Bauquis Scenario Nuclear production 0.6 Gtep 4 Gtep i.e. x 6.5

  15. Elsa Merle and Daniel Heuer Hypothesis 2050 • Stabilization of fossile contribution • World energy consumption x 2 • Renewable = nuclear • Multiplication by factor 8 • Then increase by 1.2%/year up to 2100 Nuclear :

  16. Objective oriented scenariosH.Nifenecker et al.

  17. 2000 IIASA-WEC Scenarios • A: strong growth • A1: Oil • A2: Coal • A3:Gaz • B: Middle of the road • C: Low energy intensity. High electricity • C1: Ren.+Gaz • C2: Ren.+Nuclear

  18. GDP/cap

  19. Energy intensities

  20. World GDP B2: 110 000

  21. Primary energy per fuel

  22. Exhaustion of fossile reserves Exhaustion of fossile reserves (Gtoe)

  23. 2030-2050 2030 • Minimize use of fossils forElectricity • « Reasonable » Development of Nuclear • OECD: 85% • Transition:50% • China, India, Latin America:30% 3000 GWe Nuclear 2050 • Minimize use of coal and gas • 30% coal China, India; 30% gas Russia; 100% Africa • 7500 GWe Nucléaire

  24. Scenario no coal no gaz in 2050 B2=18000, Nuclear=1450

  25. CO2/GDP

  26. CO2/primen

  27. Gestion of Natural Uranium Reserves

  28. Unat exhaustion

  29. Breeding Cycles

  30. U-Pu vs Th-U U-Pu versus Th-U cycles • U-Pu • Fast Spectra • Pu fuel • 1.2 GWe reactors • Solid fuels • 1 year cooling • 25 years doubling time • Th-U • Thermal Spectra • Pu, then 233U fuel • 1 GWe reactors • Molten Salts fuel • 10 days fuel cycling • 25 years doubling time

  31. Nb GWe

  32. Pu inventory

  33. Nb GWe Th-U

  34. U3 inventory

  35. Trajectory

  36. Stabilisation T • Stabilization of CO2 concentration to 450 ppm • Stabilization of temperature

  37. E.Merle, D.HeuerAlternative3 components

  38. Reactor types

  39. 3 components • 233U production: • 450 PWR and 300 FNR • Les RNR ferment le cycle U/Pu • natU consumption: • 7 million tons by 2100 • 10 times less fissile matter in fuel cycle • Minor actinides production minimized

  40. R and D needsstandard reactors • PWR reactors • Selective reprocessing: extraction of Cs, Sr and M.A. • Th-Pu MOx fuel in order to produce U233 • Candu type reactors • Use of Th-Pu and, then Th-U3 fuel • Reprocssing of Th-U3 fuel • Optimization of fuel regeneration

  41. R and D needsfast neutron reactors • Sodium cooled • Void coefficient • Core Recompaction • Th blanket • Reprocessing of Th blanket • Lead cooled reactors • Corrosion problems • Pb-Bi alloys • Molten salt cooled reactors • Chemical composition • Corrosion • Gas cooled reactors • Reprocessing of refractory fuels

  42. R and D needsmolten salt reactors • Neutron spectrum optimization • Corrosion • Fuel reprocessing

  43. Proliferation • Political or technical question?

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